RUDIMENTS 



OF THE 



GREEK LANGUAGE : 



ARRANGED FOR 



t Stoents of fopiii £s]lqt, |altimm. 



UPON THE BASIS OF WETTEXHAIL, 




BALTIMORE: 
PUBLISHED BY JOHN MURPHY & CO. 

No. 178 MARKET STBEKT. 

PITTSBURO....GEORGE QUIGLEY. 

Sold by Bool sellers ffmcralJi/, 

18 55 






x-^- 



Ertered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, by 

JOHN MURPHY- & Co. 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 

Eastern District of Maryland. 



^. 



fjtr 



PREFACE. 



It is not intended by this publication to present a 
new Greek Grammar to the classical student ; after 
the elaborate volumes of Matthiae, Buttman, Kuhner, 
Gail, Burnouf, and other scholars of Germany and 
France, it would be altogether vain to expect any 
new discovery in that language. The most that we 
can do is to avail ourselves of their labours in order 
to smoothe the difficulties which are usually met in its 
study. The greatest of these we have learned from a 
long experience in teaching, is the large size of the 
grammars which are put in the student's hands when 
he commences. Excellent as these may be for the 
professor or more advanced scholar, they only tend 
to deter the beginner from approaching it. We trust 
that this will be obviated by the present compendium, 
in which we have endeavoured to comprise within as 
short a compass as possible all that is of absolute 
necessity to the learner. If it induce him to apply 
with more alacrity to study a language second to 
none in the literary beauties and treasures which it 
contains, our intentions will have been amply fulfilled. 



THE LETTERS 



THE GREEK ALPHABET 



TWENTY-FOUR IN NUMBER, viz:— 



NAME. 


FORM. 


POWER. 




' 




r 
Caps. 


Sm. Let. 


In sound. In 


number. 


Alpha 


^ AX<pa 


A 


a 


a 


1 


Beta 


Brja 


B 


^6 


b 


2 


Gamma 


rd/x/ia 


r 


r 


g hard 


3 


Delta 


AUra 


A 


d 


d 


4 


Epsilon 


"E4>dov 


E 


e 


e short 


5* 


Zeta 


Zyjra 


z 


c 


z 


7 


Eta 


^Hra 


H 


>? 


e long 


• 8 


Theta 


O'T^ra 





S 


th 


9 


Iota 


V(5ra 


I 


(, 


i 


10 


Kappa 


Kdizna 


K 


X 


k 


20 


Lambda 


Adfi^da 


A 


X 


1 


30 


Mu 


Mo 


M 


p- 


m 


40 


Nu 


m 


N 


V 


n 


50 


Xi 


Ex 


3 


? 


X 


60 


Omicron 


W/iixpop 








short 


70 


Pi 


m 


n 


n 


P 


80 


Rho 


'Pw 


p 


P 


r 


100 


Sigma 


liyiia 


I 


(T <; final 


s 


200 


Tau 


Too 


T 


T 


t 


300 


Up^^ilon 


'Tc/'i.ldv 


Y 





u 


400 


Phi 


01 





<P 


ph 


500 


Chi 


J2 


X 


X 


ch 


600 


Psi 


¥l 


W 


<P 


ps 


70G 


Omega 


'Qfiiya 


a 


OJ 


long 


800 



1* 



6 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

The letters are divided into Vowels and Consonants. 

There are seven Vowels; two long, ^, w — two short, e, o 
— three doubtful, a, t, o. 

From Vowels are formed Diphthongs : of these there are 
twelve ; six proper, at, ao, et, eo, ot, ou \ and six improper^ 
r^o^ ot^ woj a, 7^, w, t being subscribed. 

0/ Breathings. 

The Breathing is of two kinds, smooth (') and rough ('). 

1. Every Vowel or Diphthong at the beginning of a word, 
is marked with either a smooth or rough Breathing : as, 
opoq, a mountain; opo^j a boundary. T is always marked 
with a rough, as utto, under : so also the semi-vowel p ; but 
if it be doubled in the middle, the first is marked with a 
smooth, and the second with a rough Breathing, as eppeov. 

Of Accents. 

There are three Accents : the Grave ('), falling on the 
last syllable only; the Acute ('), on any of the last three; 
the Circumflex ("), on the last, or last but one. 

The Grave is understood on every syllable where there is 
BO accent, and is therefore called the Syllabic tone. 

The Apostrophe shews, that a, e, t, 0, at^ or ot, is cut off 
on account of a Vowel or Diphthong following any of them 
at the end of a word : as xar abrbv, for xara aurov ; dX?J kyco, 
for dXXd tfd). 

A word, accented on the last syllable, is called Oxytone. 

A word not accented on the last syllable, is called Bary- 
tone. 

Of Consonants. 

There are seventeen Consonants, which are divided into 
Semi-vowels and Mutes. 

The Semi-vowels are divided into double letters, C, f; ^; 
and liquids, A, //, v, /? ; <; is an independent letter. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

The Mutes are nine : 



3 smooth 


TT 


X 


T 




3 middle 


/5 


r 


d 




3 aspirates 


9 


X 


e 





A smooth Mute is changed into its corresponding Aspi- 
rate whenever the following Vowel or Diphthong is aspi- 
rated : TTT, xTy are changed into <p6, -/^d : as vir/^ff (for voxra) 
oXr^Vj ri(pd^ (for rinore) oorco. 

r before another y, x, ;^, or f , is pronounced like v : as, 
ayyeAoq, pronounced a^^yeloq. 

The Double Letters are formed from the Mutes, by add- 
ing (7 ] thus, ip is equivalent to -<y, /5<t, or <pa ; and so also f , 
to x(7, ya, or ^^ ; and C, to t(T, 3(7, or Off, 

Of Pii 1 1 ctuation . 
There are four Points or Stops : the Comma, marked 
thus (,) ; the Colon, at the top of the line : as abroq- ; the 
Period or Full Stop (.); the Note of Interrogation (;). 

The Parts of Speech are Eight: 

Article, Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Con- 
junction, Preposition. 

There are three Numbers : Singular, Dual, Plural. 

There are five Cases, viz. : Nominative, Genitive, Dative, 
Accusative, Vocative. 

There are three Genders : Masculine, Feminine, and 
Neuter. 

The Article is two-fold ; Prepositive or Demonstrative, o, 



8 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



7j, TO (this or the) ; Subjunctive or Relative, oq, ^, o (who 
or what).* 



Singular. 

N. G. D. A. 

MaSC. 6y TOO J TO) J TOVj 

Fem. ^, rr}^, T^, rryv, 

Neut. TO^ TOUy TOJy TO. 

Masc. dq^ 00, w, oWj 

Fem. 7], riq, ^, Tjv, 

Neut. o, ooj w, 0. 



Dual. 
N.A. G.D. 

TOJ, TOV^j 
TO). Tolv. 



Plural. 

N. G. D. A. 

o[, TcDv, ToT^, Tooq, 

aly ToJv, Tolq, Tag, 

TO.. TWV. To7q, TO.. 



a, 

o 
0), 



OIV, 

ah, 

oh. 



oiq, 

acq, 
oJq, 



ooq, 
a. 



In like manner are declined oar^ep, r^Tzep, oTzep] and the 
oq of o(7Ttq, which see elsewhere. 

OF' NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 

There are six Declensions, — three of Simples, and three 
of Contracts : the first two of Simples do not increase in the 
Genitive case ; the third increases in the Genitive. 

^,\ The First Declension 

Contains Nouns of two Genders, and four terminations in 
aq and rjq of the Masculine, and in a and ij of the Feminine; 
the declining of Masculines and Feminines varies a little in 
the Singular, but is the same in the Dual and Plural. 



Masculine. 
Sing. N. (1) 6 T(Afu-aq, G. -ot», D. -a, A. 



., V. 



Dual N. A. V. Tib Tatii-a, G. D. -a^v. 

Plur. N. 6i Tafxi-at, G. a>v, D. atq, A. -aq, V. at. 



•^ The Article has no Vocative, but the Adverb of Calling (c5) supplies 
the defect. 
(1) A butler. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 9 

Sing. N. (1) 6 TeXm-rjq, Gr. -ouj D. -yj^ A. 'Tjv, V. 'Tj. The 
rest as if in ag. 

Sing. N. (2) 5y Mou(T-aj Gr. -75^, D. -jj, A. av, V. -a, &c. 

Sing. N. (3) :^ Tc/i-i], G. -rjq, D. -)f, A. -ryv, V. -^'. The 
rest as if in a. 

The Dative Singular, in the first and second Declensions, 
has t subscribed to the final letters, a, rj, w. 

Iota is subscribed, either for distinction of Cases, as rafiia 
in Dat. Sing., or on account of contraction : as xipdi^ xipa ; 
i is written under the syllable from which it has been re- 
moved. 

Nouns in 7ny^, ttj^, and Gentiles in dTj^y and also the com- 
pounds from TTwXiwy to sell, fierpiwy to measure, and rpij^Wj 
to ruh, form the Voc. Sing, in a short : as w (rarpdna, InKj- 
rdraj IxvOa. But those in arriq have )y and a : as Xrjtrrijqy 
a robber; Voc. Xy]<7T7], and XrjffTd. 

Words ending in da, 6a, pa, and a pure, make the Gen. 
Sing, in a^, and the Dat. in a : as Ari^a, -aq, -a; "AxavOa, 
-aq, -a] '^Hfxepa, -paq, -a) ^dia, -aq, a. 

A letter or syllable is called pure, when it follows a Vowel 
or Diphthong. 

The Second Declension 

Comprehends Nouns of two terminations in oq, of the 
Masculine and Feminine, and in ov, of the Neuter. 

Masculine, 

Sing. N. (4) 6 A6 yoq, G. -yoo, D. -yoj, A. -you, V. -ye. 

Dual N. A. V. TO) Aoyo), G. D. roXv Xoyovj. 

Plur. N. ol Aoyotj G. -^^v, D. -yotq, A. -youq, V. -yoc. 



(1) A publican. (2) A song. 

(3) Honour. (4) A word. 



10 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

Neuter. 
Sing. N. (1) TO Mirp'OVy G. -oo, D. -a>, A. -ov, V. -ov. 
Dual N. A. V. Tcb Mirpcoj Gr. D. roTv jmirpoo. 
Plur. N. ra Mirp-a^ Gen. -c/jv, D. -o{<r, A. -a, V. -a. 

Some Nouns of this Declension produce new forms, pro- 
perly Attic^ by changing o pure into to^ and the penultimate 
ay or at, into e: as, Xaoq^ Xeajq^y w^wyaiovy a\)(hytii),f ) and are 
declined in the following manner : — 

Masculine. 
Sing. D. (2) 6 lU-cbq, G. -a», D. -cD, A. -(l>v, V. -(hq. 
Dual N. A. y. roj Ae-iOy G. D. roTv Ae-ojy. 
Plur. N. of Ae-(jj, G. -c2>v, D. -w<r, A. -wq, V. -a). 

Sing. N. (3) TO 'Avw-ysojVy G. -y^co, D. -/'eco, A. yewv, V. 

Dual. N. A. V. TO) 'A'^(6-y£iOj G. D. rolv dxo-yeo)'^. 

Plur. N. ra ^Avco-yecu, G. -yewvj D. ^'^c'^?, A. -^£<^, Y. -^'sw. 

Some Nouns, which have not the last Vowel pure, follow 
this form, except that their accusative singular terminates 
in o) : as, aXwg, laycbq] " Ewq, the morning ^ makes "Eco in the 
Accusative: "Ar.oXXajqy Ace. ^^ AtzoXXoj ] "Adwq, Ace. ''Adcu, 

N. B. The Nom., Ace, and Voc. of Neuter Nouns, are 
the same in the Singular Number; and in the Plural (ex- 
cept among the Attics), they all end in a. 

The Third Declension 

Has nine terminations; three Vowels, a, «, 6>, of the 
Neuter, (o of the Feminine, and five Consonants, v, f, ^, ^, 
<pj of any Gender, and increases in the Genitive. 

(1) A measure. (2) The people. (3) An upper room. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 11 

Masculine. 
Sing. N. (1) 6 Tiva-v^ Gr. -voq, D. -vf, A. -va, V. nrdv. 
Dual N. A. y. TO) Ttrd-vSj Gr. and D. to?v Tfra-yo«y. 
Plur. N. ol Tira-veq, G. -vtt>v, D. -atj A. -va^, V. -v£^. 

Neute7\ 
Sing. N. (2) TO Soj-fxa^ Gr. -ixaroq^ D. -//arr, A. -/jta, V. -;tia. 
Dual N. A. Y. ra> Iwji-arej Gr. and D. ao)[x-dToiv, 
Plur. N. ra Sw-p.ara, Gr. -/xdraj'^j D. -/-tacrr, A. -p^aTa, 
V. -fiara. 

RULES BELONGING TO THIS DECLENSION. 

TAe Accusative Singular 

Of the Masculine and Feminine ends in a. 

Exceptions. — 1. Nouns ending in <;, after t or Oj (except 
suq,) if they form the Genitive in oq pure, change q in the 
Accusative into v : as, r^ oiq, oioq^ oiv ; ^ ypaoq^ ypaoq^ ypaov. 
But J^?-, Jupiter J makes J}a; and laaq, a stone, makes Xaav. 

2. Barytons in iq and uq, declined with oq impure, have 
the Accusative both in a and v : as, eptq, strife, eptdoq. Ace. 
epcda and epcv ', xopuq, a hehnet, xopudoq, Ace. xopuda and 
y.opov. In like manner, zAsT^, a hey, Ace. x^.e'tda and x/edv; 
and the compounds from izodq, a foot: as^ Oldi-izooq, Ace. 
'Tzddaj -TToDv. 

J'Ae Fbca^iVe Singular 

Is like the Nominative. 

Exceptions. — 1. Nouns ending in q, after i or o, cast away 
<? in the Vocative : as, Ildptq, l^ouq, Yoc. Udpt, ^oo ; ^a^debq^ 
a king, Voc. ^aadeb, except oxytones in tq and oq : as, 5 
i^;r}(;', ^Xaphq ; also 5 ttoD^, Sdooq. 

2. Nouns declined with -vroq form the Vocative from the 
Genitive, by casting away -roq : as, 6 yipujv, yipovroq, o) yipov ] 

(1) Titan. (2) The body. 



12 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

but those in -ecg, e^^To<;^ form the Vocative in ec and ev : as, 
TzXaxo-ec^j -evro^j Voc. w 7:Xax6-£i and TzXd/.o-ev. 

3. Barytones in aq -avoq^ r^v -evoq, cd'^ -o>ogj -top -opoq, &c., 
form the Vocative from the Genitive, by casting away, oq : 
as, prJTOjpj prJTopoq, o) pTJrop : except IloffeidoJVj -cjvoq^ 116- 
ffetdovy (twttjPj 'T/po^j trwrep, which shorten the last syllable : 
as UcoxpdzTjqj 'So^j oj I(I)xpareq. 

The Dative Plural 
Is formed from the Dative Singular, by omitting <5, dy 
Vj Tj and assuming (T before c : as, rcrd^Cj nraai ; oibixaTi^ 

If, after this omission, o remains, u is taken for a diph- 
thong : as, Uovrtj Xioofft ; in Nouns ending in r^p, which 
suffer Syncope, ac; is inserted before t : as, Tzariipj T.aTp\y 
Ttarpdffi ] but yaaTTip^ -i^pai. 

Nouns ending in f, ^, or q^ after a Diphthong, form the 
Dative Plural from the Nominative Singular, by adding i : 
as, xopa^j (1) xbpaqty i3d(n?.ehq, ^aaiXeoai. Except xreiqj (2) 
xriffi] Tiouq, izbcn) ooq, (3) axrc, and a few others. 

Of Syncope. 

Syncope takes away a letter or Syllable from the middle 
of a word : as, irdpocq for iraLpocq. 

Some Nouns in -/jp, -epoq, are Syncopated in the Genitive 
and Dative Singular: as, Trarijpy naripoq, izarpoq] so also 
IxfiTTjp and yaarrip : in like manner, dvijp, (4) unless that for 
the omitted e, it assumes d : as, dvipoq^ d)^dp6q : and similarly 

dpvbqy and xbiovy xovoq^ &C. 

*- The Declension of Contracts. 

Nouns are called Contracts in which two syllables are 
contracted into one. 

(1) A raven. (2) A comb. (3) The ear. (4) A man. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 13 

A Contraction occurs either in every Case whose final 
syllable is pure, as in the first and second Declension of 
Contracts, or in a fewer number of Cases, viz. : — in the 
Dative Singular, in the Nominative, Accusative, and Voca- 
tive Plural, as in the third Declension of Contracts. 

ET J J followed by <?, are contracted into el. 
1 not followed by ^, into ^. 

There is no difficulty in Contract Nouns of the First and 
Second Declensions, as they are declined like the simples : 
as, /jLva«, fjLud • voog^ vod<;. 

The Third Decleiision of Contracts. 

Nouns in -7)q are of the Masculine and Feminine Genders; 
in -eq and -oq of the Neuter ; and are declined thus : — 

Sing. Fern. 

N. ij Tptyjp-fjqj (1) the galley. 

Gr. r^c Tpiijp-eoqj -ooq, of the galley. 

D. TTi Tpiy]p-e'i, -ecj to the galley. 

A. rijv TpcTJp-sa^ -7] the galley. 

Y. w Tptijp-eq^ galley! 

Dual Fern. 
N. A. V. rd Tptijp-eey -r). 
Gr. D. rav^ TptTJp-iotu, -olv. 

Plural Fern. 
N. at Tp:yjp-z:aq, -acq. 
G. r(5v TptTJp-iwv.^ -ojv. 
D. raiq Tpcijp-eac. 
A. rdq TpcTJp-eaqj -ecq, 
V. o) Tpiyjp-eeq, -etq. 

(1) A three-oared galley. 
2 



14 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

Sing. Neut. 



N. 


Td TelX'O^, (1) 


the wall. 


G. 


TOO Tei^-eoqj '0U(;. 


of the wall. 


D. 


Tw Teix-et, -ec, 


to the wall. 


A. 


TO TeJ^'O^, 


the wall. 


V. 


w Tely-o^j 

Dual Neut. 


wall ! , 


N. 


A. V. Toj Teiy-eej -rj. 




G. 


D. roTv Tety-ioiVj -olv. 
Plural Neut, 




N. 


Ta Teiy-ea, -rj. 




G. 


Twv Teiy-iiDv, -mv. 




D. 


Tolq Teiy-eGi. 




A. 


TO. Teiy-sa^ -tj. 




y. 


w Tscy-sa^ -rj. 





Nouns in tq are of the Masculine and Feminine Gender ; 
in eog and og of the Masculine only ; and c and u of the 
Neuter; and are declined thus : — 

Smg. 3Iasc. Smg. Neut. 

N. 6 "Ocp-iq. (2) N. rd Iv^ri-T.f. (3) 

G. Too^' Ocp-Lo^j -eu)q. G. too UiWjrz-coq. 

D. TW ''0<p-U\ -C, -eC. D. TO) Zv^lJTZ-tij -i. 

A. rov ^' Ocp-iv. A. TO Zv>ri7Z-L. 

Dual Neut. Dual Neut. 

N. A. TO) ^'Oip'tej -ee. N. A. tuj Zr^rjn-cs. 



G. D. To'i\' ^Ow-ioLVj -eiov. G. D. Toh IcvtjTZ- 



cocv. 



(1) A wall. (2) A serpent. (3) Mustard-seed. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



15 



Plural Masc. 

N. ol "Oip-ieq, -cq, -£iq, 
G. Twv ^0(p'\wVy -eojv. 
D. ToTq ^'0(p-t(Jty -eat. 
A. TOoq"0(p-iaqj 'igj -etq. 
V. w "O'ff-ieqj -iq, -ecq. 



Plural Neut. 

N. ra Icv7J7V-caj -c. 

A. TO. ZcVlJTT-iaj 't. 

y. 0) Zi^TJn-caj 'C. 



Nouns in eog, oq, and Oj making the Genitive in eoq, have 
four contractions : el' into et^ ee into tj, eeq and eaq into etq : 
as^ l3a(Tdehq, a king ; npetT^hq, an old man; aaruj a city. 



Sing. Masc. 
N. ^aad-euq. 
G. TOO ^a(TtX-ioq. 
D. Tw ^aad-i'iy -iJ. 
A. Tov ^aad'ia. 
V. o) ^a<Td-eu. 



Dual Masc. 
N. A. TO) ^a<jd' 

ee, -^. 
G. D. roh ^aat- 

Xi-otv. 



Plur. Masc. 

N. oi jSaffd-ieq, -elq. 
G. roiv ^affd'iiov. 
D. Tolq ^aad-ev<Ji. 
A. Touq i3a<7d-eaqj -elq. 
V. a> ^a<jd-ieq, -elq. 



Nouns in oq, uoq, contract only oeq and uaq into l><? : as. 
Sing. N. ixOuq, G. IxOooq) PI. N. i^(?6£c^ D^; Ace. Ix- 
duaq. vq. 

For the Genitive termination eoq, the Attics write ewq] 
the Ionics, r^oq. : as, ^aadioq] Att. iSaadicoq ] lonice, ^aai- 
Xr,pq. The Ionic ^ is preserved throughout, and no contrac- 
tion takes place. 

Neuters of the Third Declension, ending in aq pure, and 
paq, are both syncopated and contracted : as. 



Singular. 
N. TO xip-aq. 
G. TOO, -aroq, 

-aoq, -coq. 
D. Tw -art, -al) -a. 
A. TO -aq. 
V. ib -aq. 



Dual. 

Ta> xep-aTe, 

-ae, -a. 
Tor> -aTOV^j 
'dov^. -cDv. 



Plural. 
N. TO. xep-aTOj -aa^ -a. 
G. TcDv, -ara»v, -dajv, 

D. role, -aat. 

A. ra -ara, -a«, -a 

V. a> -ara. -aa. -a. 



16 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Irregular Nouns. 

SwfjLdgj and others of the First Declension, make the 
Gen. in a. 

'Irjffovg makes Gen. Dat. and Voc. 'Irjaod, and Ace. ' Ir^- 
60VV. Zehq^ Gen. ZrjuoCj or ^tdg^ Dat. Zt^v)^ or Ail^ Ace. 
Ztjvolj or Acaj Voc. Zed. We also meet Zebq and J^c, and 
Ace. Zebv. 

Fovr}^ YUV2ixd<;^ Voc. yo'^acj Dat. Plur. yuuat^)j as if from 

The Genders of Nouns 
Are distinguished by the signification or Declension. 

Irregular, or Heteroclite Nouns, 

Are those which vary from the common forms of de- 
clining : some vary in Gender, others in Declension ; some 
are defective in Cases, others redundant; and some are 
defective in Number. 

Patronymics 

Are names of persons, derived generally from their an- 
cestors or fathers: as, 'AcaxcdTjq, the grandson of JEacus ; 
Aaepriddrjqj the son of Laertes. 

^/ ADJECTIVES 

Follow the analogy and irregularity of Substantives. 

There are three Declensions of Adjectives, having one, 
two, or three terminations. The first two are declined with 
three Articles. 

1. Adjectives of three terminations end 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



17 



oq, -7], 'ov, according to the form of the first and second 

of Simples, 
in ^ ^^> '0.<ya^ -av, | according to the form of the third and 
etq, -t(7<sa, -ev, j first of Simples. 
oq, -€iaj -u, of the form of the third of Contracts and 

first of Simples. 

In 'Oq : aS; N. xaX-dq^ (1) -rj, d>, G. xaX-od, -Tjq, oo, &C. 
But Adjectives in oq pure, and poq, form the Feminine 
in a : as, oLycoq, (2) aycaj ayiov \ d-vO-qpoq, (3) avdripa^ dvOi^poVy 
&c. Except Nouns signifying the properties of substances, 
in '£oq : as, ^pbaeoq, irjy -eov, golden; and Numerals in -ooq : 
as, oydooqj orj, the eighth. But drrAoo^, aTzkodq^ aTzXoTjj ^, 
though not belonging to these classes. 









EXAMPLES. 










Singular. 








Plural 








M. 


F. 


N. 






M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


KaX-o^, 


'Vj 


-6v. 




N. 


xaX'6\j 


"5 


-a. 


.G. 


-OUy 


-?^, 


-00. 




G. 


-CJVj 


-a>v, 


-a)v. 


D. 


■<?, 


-.^j 


•w. 




D. 


-oJq, 


-aiq, 


-oTc. 


A. 


-d., 


-^^; 


'6v. 




A. 


'ohq, 


-aq, 


-a. 


V. 


-^, 


-rj, 


-6^^. 




V. 


'Oh 


-a}. 


-a. 




Dual. 








Singular. 




N. 


) 








N. 


"Ayi-oq, 


-«; 


-ov 


A. 


>- xaX-Wj 


■«; 


'6. 




G. 


'-OOj 


^-ac. 


'-06>. 


V. 


J 








D. 


''^J 


'-«j 


>• 


G. 
D. 


} .'""''' 


-a?v, 


-olv. 




A. 
V. 


-ov. 


-av, 


-ov. 
-ov. 












The Dual and Plural like 














KaXdq. 






(1) Fair. 




(2) 


Sac 


red. 


(3) Flowery. 












2 


* 









18 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 





Singul 


ar. 








M. 


F. 


N. 




N. 


Maxp-bqj 


-«; 


-ov. 


The Dual and Plural like 


G. 


-dby 


-a^; 


'00. 


KaXoq. 


D. 


-^5; 


-?; 


.a. 




A. 


-ov, 


-av^ 


-w. 




Y. 




-«, 


-ov. 





NoTE^ — ^' AXkoqy TfjXtxooToqy rotooroq^ and TOdooroqj make 
in the Neuter both o and ov ; dq, ovroq^ abrbc, and ixeivoqy 
make only o. 







In aq : as, 








Singular. 




N. 


775?, (1) 


'^d(7a^ 


Ttdv. 


G. 


Ttavrbq^ 


7:d(TTjqy 


:ravToc 


D. 


Tzavrij 


7:d(77)j 


7:avTi, 


A. 


Tzdvzaj 


-^dffavj 


Tzdv. 


V. 


TcaCy 


izdaa. 


Tidv. 



Dual. 



N. A. V. Ttdvre, 




'^d(Taf 




Trdvre. 


G. D. TzdvTOlVj 




T,d(TaiVj 




7:dvT0t> 








Plural. 






N. 7rawT£C, 






ndaatj 




Tcavza. 


G. TtdvTWVj 






Tzaffw^j 




7:duTw>. 


D. 7ra^;, 






Tcdaatz^ 




Tf7(Tr. 


A. Travra?, 






Tzdffaq, 




Trdvra. 


V. Trdvre^j 






Ttdffaij 




ndvra. 


but fiiX-aq (2) and rdA 


■ac, 


(3) Sing. N. 


-aq, 


-acva, -av. 


(1) AH. 




(2) 


Black. 


(3) 


Wretched. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



19 



Gr. -avo^y 'ahrjq^ -a^^oqy &C. 
N. fiiyaq, (1) fj^eydlrij yiya. 
A. [liyaVy fxeydXrjVy p.eya. 



A. -ata^ -aivo^y -av. 
Gr. -dloo, -dX-qq^ -dXou. 

Yoc. as Norn. 



The rest as if from fxiyaXog. 



Singular. 
N. Xapi-etq^ -eaaa^ -ev. (2) 

D. ^api-evTty -^(Tffrjy -evri. 
A. ^api-euraj -effcrav, -ev. 
Y. ^apc-eu and -et^ -£(T(Ta, -sv. 



Dual. 
N. A. V. /a^c'-evrl^ -^(r<7a, 

Gr. D. ^apt-ivTotu, -iaaaiVy 
-ivTocv. 



Plural. 

N. ^api-evre^j -eaaat^ -evra. 

G. y^apL-ivTw^y -eaaaJVy -ivrajv. 

T>. '/api-eKTty 'i(T(7acq, -eiai. 

A. ^j^api-evraq^ -iaGaq^ -evra 

y. yapi-evreq^ -eaaat^ -evra. 



In oq : as^ oJ^C; (3) -eTa, -6 ; but -KoXh^y (4) ttoXXtj^ noXO, 
'O^hqj sharp. 

Singular. Dual. 

M. F. N. 

N. 'O^-hq^ -elaj -o. 

Gr. -^0^, -eca^, -^o^. 

D. -icj el, -eia, -ii, eJ. 

A. -hv, -elavj -u. 

V. -0. -eTa. -6. 




iorv^ -eiaiV) -iotv. 



(1) Great. (2) Gracious. (3) Sharp. (4) Much. 



20 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Finn:!. 







M. F. 


N. 




N. '0^-ieq, etq, -eiat, 


•ia. 




G. 


'iio'^y -eiwv^ 


'iwv. 




D. 


-icij -eiaiq^ 


'i(Tt. 




A. 


'iaq, eJqj -eiaq, 


'ia. 




V. 


[JoXoqj much. 
Singular. 


'ia. 




M. 


F. 


N. 


N. 


IloXhqj 


7:oXX7)j 


7:0X6. 


G. 


7:oXXodj 


TzoXXr^qj 


TzoXXod 


D. 


TToX.XWj 


TiOXX^j 


TzoXXu). 


A. 


TioXhUf 


7:oXX7jVj 


TToXo. 


V. 


TzoXhj 


TToXXij^ 


TToXu. 



The Dual and Plural (as if from -oXXaq) like x doq. 



2. Adjectives of three Articles and two terminations, end 



M.F. 


N. 


' aq, 


av, 


oq, 


OVy 


ojq, 


wv, 


^^j 


h 


^^; 


^^; 


oq, 


^; 


ouqj 


oov, 


OJVy 


ov, 


wp, 


op, 


,^^, 


^^, 





M. F. N. 




" dscuaq, -av. 




hdo^oq, -ov. 




evyeajq^ -tov. 




el>xapiq, -c. 


> as, 6 xa\ 57, < 


„ xai TOj 
aoaxpuqj -'J. 




d}xouqf 'Ouv 




eudatfiajv^ -ov. 




{leyaXrjTcopj -op. 




dX.rjdijq, -iq. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



21 



Singular, 
G. deb-avToq, 
A. deiv-avra^ -av. 



EXAMPLES. 

Dual. 



N. } _ 
A. j 



Plural. 
N. acfV-avT£<r^ -avTa. 
Gr. d£«v-avr66>v 
D. dziv-aai. 
A. deev-avrac, -avra. 
V. detv-avreCj -avra» 



"Evdo^oq, glorious. 

Singular. 

N. '^ xa) ^ evdo^oq'j xai rb evdo^ov. 
G, roD y.al r^g xa: ro{5 hdo^oo, 
D. Tw xad r^ xa^ zip ivdo^w. 
A. Tov xa) T^^v xa) ro evdo^ov. 
Y. w hdo^e^ Neuter evdo^ov. 

Dual. » 

N. A. V. TO) xai rd xai toj hdo^o). 
G. D. rotv xai ralv xai rolv b^do^otv. 

Plural, 

N. ol xa\ 0.1 evdo^ot xat rd evdo^a. 

G. Twu xai raJi^ xa\ rwv ivdo^cuv. 

D, To7<; xdX raXq xdi ToTg hdo^oiq. 

A. Tohq xa\ rdq hdo^ooq^ xa\ rd evdo^a, 

V. S) evdo^oij Neuter evdo^a. 







Euysijjqy fertile 










Singular. Dual 




Plural, 






M. & F. N. M. F. N. 




M. <fcF. 


N. 


N. 


Eoye-wq^ -wv. 


^•1 


N. 


-^; 


-m 


G. 


'W. 


A. ^-^• 


G. 


'lt)V. 




D. 


-OJ. 


V.3 


D. 


'Wq. 




A. 


-cov. 


^•j-^v. 


A. 


'loq, 


-0) 


V. 


-ojq^ -ojv. 


D. j 


V. 


-H>^ 


'W 



22 



GRREK RUDIMENTS. 



Ev)^apiqy grateful J acceptable. 





Singular, 




Dual, 




Plural. 






M. &F. 


N. 


M. F. N. 




M. & F. 


N, 


N. 


Evxap-tq, 


-:. 


N-l 


N. 


1-., 


-fra 


G. 


'iToq. 




A. [-re. 


V. 


i ' 




D. 


-LTi. 




vJ 


G. 


-iVwv. 




A. 


'tTaj -t>, 


't. 


^- X.iro.. 


D. 


'i(ji. 




V. 


't. 




D.i 


A. 


'tragj 


-(ra 



"'AppTjVj masculine. 





Singular, 




Dual 


Plural. 






M. &F. 


N. 


M. F. N. 


M. & F. 


K 


N. 


"J/3^'-^v, 


'£y. 


N.-) 


N. '£y£g, 


-£va. 


a. 


-£V0^. 




A. ^-^>- 


G. 'iviov. 




D. 


-£VJ. 




VJ 


D. -£(7:. 




A. 
V. 




-£V. 


D.j 


A. -sva^^ 
V. -ev£C, . 


-£va 
-£i^a 



"Adaxpoq, tearless. 







Singuli 


ir. 


Dual. 






Plural. 






M. 


& F. . 


N. 


M. F. 


N. 




M. & F. 


N. 


N. 
G. 


"Adaxp-oq, 

'VOq. 


'0. 


A. [-OS. 




N. 
V. 


j- -U£?, -0?, 


-ya 


D. 




-o'i. 




Y.) 




G. 


-y<uv. 




A. 
V. 




'0. 


'U. 


^- ] .00.. 




D. 
A. 


-oat. 


-oa 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



23 



AiTzouqj two-footed. 



Singular. 

M. & F. 
^. Aiiz-ooq^ 
G. 'oSoq. 

D. -ode. 

A. -oday -ouvj -GOV. 

Y . 'Ooq, 'OUy -oov. 




N. 



'Oda. 



Ebdatfiaj'^y happy. 





Singular. 




Dual. 




Plural, 






M. &r. 


N. 


M. F. N. 




U. & F. 


N. 


N. 


Ebdaifi-aj'^y 


-oy. 


N.^ 


N. 


'Ove^j 


-ova 


G. 


-ovoq. 




A. [ -«^^- 


G. 


-0\>U)\). 




D. 


-OVi. 




V.) 


D. 


'oai. 




A. 
Y. 


-ov. 


-ov. 


"■ t -OVOiV. 

D.i 


A. 


-ov£<r, 


-ova 
-ova 



MeyaXrJTwpj magnanimous. 



Singular. 



Dual, 



. Plural, 





M. & F. N. 




M. F. N. 


M. <fe F. N. 


N. 


Miya/.rjr-wp, -op. 


N.- 


) 


N. -opeq^ 'Opa 


G. 


-op<)<;. 


A. 


I -op^. 


G. 'Opa)v, 


D. 


■opt. 


V. 


) 


D. -o^<r:. 


A. 


-opa, -op. 


G. 


y -opov^. 


A. 'Opaq, 'Opa 


V. 


-op. 


D. 


) 


y. -o/?£<r; -o/?a 



24 



Singular. 

M. & F. N. 

Gr. 'ioi^j 'Ouq. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

^AkrjOrjq, true. 
Dual. 



M. F. N. 



Plural. 
M. k F. 



N. 



D. 
A. 
V. 









^:}- 



£<r, -£r<r^ -ia^-rj. 



Gr. -ia>v, -(3i^. 



Some Adjectives are of one Termination and one Gender 
only : as, N. 6 Tpaofiaziaqj oo. wounded, declined as a 
Substantive of the First Declension. To this class may 
be referred, N. 6 Ooopoqj oo ; and N. ^ Ooupiq, tdoc;^ 
impetuous. 

3. Adjectives of three Articles and one termination, end 
in Lv, p, <;, c, or (l> : as, 6 /.at i] y.oX to, TpiyXchy^iv, pAxap, ap- 
Tzaq, alOwil'. 



Numeral Adjectives 
Are divided into Cardinals and Ordinals. 



The Cardinals are^ 



el^, one. 
duo, two. 
rpsTg, three. 
ri(j(Tapeq, four, &c. 



Sing. N. elq, [xia, h, Gr. hoq, jULidg, ivoq, D. &A, /x:a, m, 
A. eva, fitav, ev : it wants the rest In like manner are 
declined its compounds, ouSe^q and /ir^dscq, but they have no 
Plural. 

Sing, wanting. Dual, N. A. duo, (Att. duco,) D. SuoTi^, 
Fem. dusTv, D. du(Tc. 

Dual, N. A. a/Kpoj, Gr. and D. atKfoi^^ : it wants the rest. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 25 

Singular and Dual wanting. Plural, N. ot xal al rpeX^y 
xai TO. Tpia. G. rptcbv. D. rptai. A. roix; xat rag rpeTg, 
xal rd rpia. 

So also, Plural, N. ol xal al Ti(T(Tapeqj xa\ rd riaaapa, 
G. re(T(jdp(Dv. D. riaaapat, A. robq xal rag riaaapaq^ xai 
xd riff (Tap a. 

The Cardinals from five to a hundred, inclusive, are 
indeclinable : as, nivrsy five^ ixarovy a hundred ; but those 
which follow are declinable and regular : as, dtaxoffcoc, -at, 
-a, two hundred. 

iTzprnro^y first, 
deorepoq, second. 
Tpiroq, third. 

All Ordinals under twenty, except deorepoq, second, 
i^dofio^j seventh, and oydooq, eighth, end in roq) from 
thence upwards they end in o(tto<; : as, e'Uoffroq, twen- 
tieth, &c. 

The letters of the Alphabet are used to denote the 
natural numbers. 

Degrees of Comparison. 

There are three degrees of Comparison : the Positive, 
Comparative, and Superlative. 

Adjectives ending in oq, having a long Penult, form the 
Comparative by changing q into repoq, and the Superlative 
into raroq : as, ffifivoq, (1) -orepoq, -ovaroq. Having a 
short Penult, they change o into oj : as, ff6<poq, (2) -corepoq, 
-wraroq. Having a doubtful Vowel in the Penult, they 
either retain or change the o : as, "xavoq, (3) -orepoq, 
'dvaroq, and -(hrspoq, -(ozaToq, 

(1) Venerable. (2) Wise. (8) Fit. 

3 



26 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 






{[xax-apy -dpzepoqj -dpTaro^. 
^apc-ec^j 'i(TT£poqy -ifjTaroqy dropping i 
yaar-plq^ -((jzepoqy -iffravoq. ' 
aTzX-ooqj 'Ovarspoq, -oixTraTo^, 
£ r ripri^j -£V£^, 'evicrrepo^j iffraroq. 
g ( (jd)(ppioVy 'Ove^j -i(TT£poCj -scFTavog. 

' r fxeXaqj -aw, -avzepoq^ -avraroq. 
^ < eoffslSij^j 'kq^ -earepoqy -iffzaroq. 
y^eopoqj 'Oj -ozepoq, -ozazoq. 



But oq is often changed into iw^^ and tfrzoq : as, ebphq, (1) 
-c'wv, 'C(Tzoq. And Nouns in f change eg Plural into -«<7r£- 
^0^ : as, apitaqj (2) dpizay-zq^ -ictzepoq^ -{(Tzazoq. 

Irregular Comparison of Adjectives. 

1. In oq : as, pdd:oq, eas^, P^-^'^'j pd(Tzoq ] SXiyoqj feWj 
dXc^ww, 6Xiyt(7zuq. Some Adjectives form the Comparative 
and Superlative in various ways : as, 



a/) " 


-S 




-M 


siq 


O 




-M 


tq 


2 t 


ooq 


« .^ 




^» ^j 


< f]V 


^-g J^ 


wv 


cd S 




ly. O 


aq 


S fl 

Q, 




CO 


^^ 




oq 


n3 

c3 



dyaOoqj 
good. 



dpeiiDVj 
^ekziaj'^j 

j3iXzepoq, 
y.pei(7(jii)v^ 
y.peizzoj'/, 
xdppujVy 

XojlDV. 



Kfipzepoq, 



dyadwzazoq. 

apiazoqj from "Apr^q^ Mars. 

^iXzLffzoq^ from ^iXoq, a dart. 
y.pdzKTzoq^ from xpeiuuv^ a king. 

Xwiffzoqj from AoJ, to loish. 
Xa)(Jzoq. 

(pipzazoqy from (piptjj to hear. 
(fipKTZoq. 
_ (fipzLffzoq. 



(1) Broad. 



(2) Rapacious. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



»r 



xaxo<;, 
bad. 



xaxcDTepoq. 
xaxtcoy 

Xtptiwv^ 



i 



xaxt(TToq. 



\ X^^t 



fiaxpoq, ( [xaxpoTSpoqj 
long. \ /id<T(TWi^y 



fxixpoq, 
small. 



/jLtxporepogj 
fieidrepoqy 

kXdcFaiDVf 



X^tpctrro^. 

fiaxporaro^. 

/jLTJxitTToqy from pi^xoq^ length. 

^.txporaroq, 

p.eT(7Toq, 

iXdxt(TTo<;f from iXa^b^, small. 
rjxKjToq, from 7}<T(Ta)f to sit low. 



Some Nouns in oq throw away o, others oj^ in the Com- 
parative and Superlative : as, <f{?.oqj ^Urepoq^ fiXraToq. 
The Attics form many in oq^ by iarepoq and i<JTaToq) 
others by airepoq and aiTaroq) a few in iarepoq and ((TTaroq. 

2. In a<r : as, p^iyo-^y great ^ ptiZ^v, and paffatov^ piyiCToq. 

3. In oq : as, TzoXhqy muchy nXiwvj and nXecw\^, -KXelaroq. 

Irregular Comparatives in wv are contracted in the Ac- 
cusative Singular, and in the Nominative, Accusative, and 
Vocative Plural : as. Ace. Sing, rov xat ttj^^ TtXecova, -oa, 
nXeto). N. PI. ol xat al nXet ov£<r; -oe^j -oug^ xal rd nXecovaj 
'Oaj -o). Ace. rohq xai rdq TcXetouagj 'Oaq^ -oo^y x«:, ra, &c. 
Voc. as Nom. 

Many Comparatives in wv and icov produce other Com- 
paratives, by changing wv into orepoq : as, x^ipiavy (from 
xaxQ(;^ Xetpdrepoq] iojv changes t and the preceding Con- 
sonant into <7<7: as, raxioiVy dd(T(jcjv'y so xpdroqy xps:i(T(jojv for 
xpazicDv. 

Many other parts of Speech, besides Adjectives, are com- 
pared in Greek. 

1. Verbs, generally by changing o) into repoq and raroq : 
as, deoojy dsorepo^y deuraroq] or oq into iarepoq and iara- 
Toq : as, ippwpivoqy eppa)pevi<TT£poqy k^pajpeviararoq. 



28; GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

2. Pronouns : as, aurdgy aordTaToq. 

3. Adverbs : as, ava;, dvwTepoq, d'^wraTog. To this add, 

/xdXaj fxaAXoVj fiaXlffra. 

xaXdy xdXXtoVj xaXXicra. 

Ta^a^ rd^tovy rd^taTa. 

4. Prepositions : as, vrpdj Tzportpoqy nporaroq^ Trpdaroqj 
npwToq. '^Tnepj Ortiprepo^j onipTaro^j by Syncope Snarog, 

^^ PRONOUNS 

Are of two kinds : Simple and Compound. 

The Simple are either Primitive : as, ^ywj (jv, oh ; or 
Indefinite : as, delva ; and these have peculiar forms of 
declining. 

Sing. N. hyd), (1) G. ifioo or /xou, D. ifioL or [xo\ A. Ifxh 

or [xi. 
Dual N. A. vaj'ij vwy G. D. va>l"v, vww. 
PI. N. TJ/xeTq, Gr. ^/xa>v, D. ^/xTv, A. 7}/J.dg. 

Sing. N. (TUj (2) G. <7oD, D. <ror, A. pe, V. (Tw. 
Dual N. A. V. (T^m, (T^tpj G. D. (T^wli^j (r^tDv. 
PL N. VfJ.eXqy G. u/jtcDv, D. ^/xTv, A. Vfidq^ V. vjieTq. 

Sing N. wanting; G. o5, (3) D. oH, A. e'. 
Dual N. A. cF(pwky (j(pk, G. D. acpmv^ <j(ph. 
PI. N. (Scptlq^ G. (T^cSv, D. (Jipidi, A. <r^a<?. 

Sing. Nom. o xal ^ xa) to ^eTva (4). G. rob xal rr^q xai 
zoo dslvo^y and Masc. deivaroq. D. rw deivarty de7va, xai ttj 
xai Tuj de7vi. A. rov xa^i Ti^v xa) to deTva : it wants the rest. 

3 Demonstrative : as, o5to<7, this ; exetvo^j he. 

4. Relative : as, abrd^j himself ^ o<r, who. 

5. Possessive: as, i/JLog, mine; abq, thine; og, rj, ov, his 
own; viotrepogj our; (jcpwtrepoq, your; -rjp.irepoq^ our; 

(l)L (2) Thou. (3) Of himself. (4) Some one. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



29 



vixirepoqy your; (T^irepoq, their; which are all declined 

like Adjectives in oq: as, i/io^, mine; iaijj i/wv, but 

ixsTvoq, kxeivfj, txsXvo ) Aorbq^ avrrjj aurb] and ouroq^ nearly 
in the same manner. 

Sing. N. ooToq, this; aorrj, tooto'j Gr. robroo^ rabr-qq, 
Tobroo] D. robra}y rabrrj, robro)) A. toutoVj TabzTjVf touto. 

Dual N. A. V. TobTiOj rabraj robro) ) G. D. robrotVy rab- 
ratVj robroLv, 

Plural N. obrot, aurat, ravra] G. robriov] D. robrotq, 
rabrai^y robroiq] A. Tobzooq, rabraqj raora. 

Note. — raora, these thing s, should be carefully distin- 
guished from rabra (for ra aurdi), the same things, 

''OiTrtc; 





Singular. 






Dual 


N. 


Saw;, ^Tcq, 


S, Tl. 


N.- 


K ., . 


G. 


ooTtvo^, ij<TTtvo<;y 


OUTtVO?. 


A. 


>- (jurtvsj arive, wrtve 


D. 


wTcvt, ■^rtft, 


WTtVt. 


V. - 


) 


A. 


ovTtva, ijVTtva, 


0, T!. 


a.- 


\ ohrcvoiu^ ahrtvotUy 


V. 


Sari^, ijTiq, 


8, r(. 


D.. 


1 o}vrtvocv. 



And so on through the Plural, og and r)<; being distinctly 
declined, as the Latin respuhlica. 

Note. — For ovnvoq and Sjrivt, the Attic writers used oroo 
and orip] and arra for anva. 

Defective Pronouns. 

i^EfjL-aurody A -aurrjqj -aoroo. 
Ze-aorov,^ > D. -aurajj -aorTjy -aorw. 
^E-aoroo, J A. -auroVj-auriju, -auro. 

The first two want both the Dual and Plural; but iaoroZ 
has the same three cases in the Plural. 

* For aeavTov and lavrov, we meet, by the figure Crasia, aavrov and 
avrov, &c., throughout. 

3* 



80 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

OF VERBS. 

Verbs are either Personal, Impersonal, Transitive, or 
Intransitive. 

There are three Voices : Active, Passive, and Middle. 

The signification of the Active and Passive Voices is the 
same as in Latin or English. The Middle Voice (which is 
«o called because it has a middle signification between Ac- 
tive and Passive) implies an action reflected on the agent 
himself, and signifies what we do, first, to ourselves, secondly, 
for ourselves. 

There are eight Tenses in the Active Voice, and nine in 
the Passive : Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, First 
and Second Futures, First and Second Indefinites, or Aor- 
ists; to which is added, in the Passive Voice, the Paulo- 
post Future. 

The tenses are, first, either Principal, viz.. Present, Fu- 
ture, and Preterperfect, (but in the Passive Voice, Present, 
Pre terper feet, and Second Indefinite ;) or secondly, Cog- 
nates, which are known from the formation. 

There are five Moods : the Indicative, Imperative, Opta- 
tive, Subjunctive, and Infinitive. 

There are four Conjugations of Barytons, to which the 
others can be easily reduced. 

A Conjugation is distinguished by the formative letter or 
characteristic: the characteristic of the Present Tense is the 
lotter preceding w or o/jtaj, iit or iiat] the characteristic of 
the Future and Perfect is the letter before the final vowel 
of the Active Form. 

The characteristic of the Future distinguishes the Conju- 
gations of Barytons; the others, only their own and the 
Cognate Tenses. 

Note. — Verbs might be conveniently divided into two 
classes, viz., in w and in ixi] and those in (o subdivided into 
uncontr acted, commonly called Barytons, and contracted. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



31 



CHARACTERISTICS. 



Of the Pres. Of the Fut. Of the Perf 



1st Conj. 



<p Ypd(pa)y 

TIT TUTTTO), 



( Tip(pa), 
rpdipit)^ 



^i 



TiTep(pa. 
XiXet(pa. 
yiypacpa, 
rixoipa. 



2d Conj. 



y Xiyojy 
a<j dpoaau)^ 

TT OpOTTCOy 



TzXiSiOj 

Xi^oj, 
^piSco, 

opfj^ojj 



rx 



TziTzXe'/a. 

XiXe^a, 

^i^pt^a. 

wpuj(^a. 



d (TTzeuSojj 
3d Conj. ^ nXvjdoj, 
C (fpdZoj, 
CO pure Ttojj 



>(5 -^ 7:XTJ(j(jjy 
(fpdaujj 
Ti(jii). 



eaizeoxa. 
X -j ninXrjxa, 
I Tziippaxa, 
\ TiTixa. 



4th Conj. 



X ipdXXo)^ 
fj. vifiu)^ 

p (JTzeipwj 

fJ.V Tifl'^CO^ 



ipaXaJj 

(TTCepWj 

Teaw, 



e(paXxa. 

y^ { Tiicpayxa. 
etj-Kapxa. 
TiT/iTjxa, 



32 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 





















f^ 


^ 




te 




b 




to 


1 




te 


3 


to 

2 




:> 


:v 


r> 


3k 


:\ 


i^ 


1- 


1- 






C5 


c 





« 


V 


O 


O 


w 


No 














,, 




Ut 






1 


'^ 


CO 




^ 


^ 


1^ 


a 


,b 


^ 


K 


fo 


CO 




« 


« 


<u 


u> 


to 


V 


(o 



^ ^ ?< c<i 



3 

o 

<*» (o . 



0) CO U» <t» <u 

S- ?- S- S- 3- 

Ci O C> O « 



O 






3- 3- eg 



•* -* «i* 
U> (U ^ 






»- t- *^ 4:^ b 

ca ^jU (u v5 v5 









Ut CO 



55 02 o 



^ fa 

« rH 



O 

b £ ? "g 

I I I rH 



O 
I— ( 

o 
;> 

?^ 
>^ 

H 
O 



CU <1> (u (u (o 

I I I I I 

^ ^ ^ ^ Ji^ if 

^ <u (u Oi O C 

>^ 



^ ^ f f 3^ 

(U (U CO Vx) VjiJ c *%o 






• CO 






U) Ui ^ <*i ^ ^ 



I 1 I I I I I I 
Lr iP ^f U^ iT "i^ -N j;^ 



^ 






S" S- S- ? ^ 
J s « ^>s 

K, ^s ^. Nu K. ^, o "CJ (u "C) ^O ^:r) ^s ^^ (o :s 



^^I' ? ^2^ .- ^ 



2 ? ^ 

!>• t- I- 






C3 



a 

O 
- t^ 






>— I r^ 1-H Ph 



C2 c^ 5 o ^ :=s 9 o ; 
g:^^<^ ^fa<1^P 

P^ CM CM HH Ph — ^ ^" 



d, 

a 

hH 
: r^ 

. :-! 

:Ph 






o t-l 



<D 



?H O CQ 

_C3 9 o js t3 9 



P <:^ o 

03 ^ V" 



M 



'MO'-ii-hPhGnICOi-hhh 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



33 



Infinit. Pres. and Imp. Tunr-eiv. 1st Fut. rvip-et'^. 1st 
Aor. rbtp-ai. Perf. and Pluperf. reTu<p'ivai. 2d Fut. and 
2d Aor. TOTz-ih, 

PaRTICIP. Pres. TOTzr-wVy 'OOfjaj -ov. G. -ovroc, -ovariqy 
'Ovroq, 1st Fut. roipwv. 2d Fut. roTiwv, G. owTo<;y o6(rqqy 

'OOUTOq^ &c. 

1st Aor. roip-aqj -aaa^ -av. G. -avTOC; -dirriq^ -avroq, 
Perf. Part. Tsro<p'U>q. 

PRESENT PARTICIPLE. 

Singular. Dual. 



N. TOTZT-oJVj 'OU<Tay -ov. 

G. TUnT'OVTOqj -0U(T7)(;f -OVTOg. 

A. TUTZT-ovray -oixravy -ov. 

V. T^TTT-OJV, 'OOCa. -ov. 



_^. ^ Tt>7rT-ovT£, 'Ooaaj ovre. 

V. 

Tt>7rT-(5vTorv, 'OixraOp 



G.y 



N. TL)7rT-0VT£^^ 

G. rUTlT-O^TWUy 

D. roTZT'Ooatj 

A. T^TTT-ovra^^ 

V. T^Trr-ovrs?"^ 



Plural. 

-obaaiqy 
-ou(Taqj 



'Ooaat. 



-ovra. 

'OVTWV. 

-ooat. 
'Ovra. 
-ovra. 



In like manner decline totzojv, the 2d Aor. Participle. 



PERFECT PARTICIPLE. 



Singular. 

N. reruip-cbqj -ola, -oq. 
G. rezo^-OToqj 'Oiaqy -droq. 



D. 


rerocp'Ortj 


-Uia, 


-art. 


A. 


TeTO(p-oray 


-oiavy 


-6q. 


V. 


TeTU(p-wq^ 


'Olaj 


'6q. 



Dual, 

J^_ > Ts-o<p-oTs, -uia, -ore. 



a.} 

D. 3 



34 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 





Plural, 




N. 


rerucp-ors^j 


-ulatj 


-ora. 


G. 


rerucp-OTcoVj 


-0'.a>Vj 


-OTO)'^ 


D. 


TSTOCp-OdCj 


-oiaiq^ 


-oai. 


A. 


Tero^-oragj 


'Oiaq, 


-67a. 


V. 


reTUcp-OTsq^ 


'OJai, 


'oza. 



Second Fut. Part. N. Tunwv, obaa^ oDv; Gr. owroq^ ob(Trjq, 

OVVTOq, &C. 

The Vocative of a Participle is the same as the 
Nominative. 

CONJUGATION THROUGH THE MoODS AND TeNSES. 





Ind. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Subj. 


Infin. 


Part. 


Pres. 
Imp. 


TVTZTO) 1 

'iroTZToy j 


TUTzre 


rbTZTOifii 


zbTZTCO 


rbizzeiv 


zb7zza)\^ 


Fut.l. 


rbipio 




rbtpoifxi 




zbipeiv 


zbif'wv 


Aor.l. 

Perf. 

Plusq. 


£TU(pa 

rirocpa | 

izeTucpeiv ] 


rizixpe 


zbipatiM 
rerbipoifxi 


rbipoj 
Terbwoj 


zb(pai 
zezo(pivat 


zb(^a^ 
zszLxpcbq 


Ind.2. 


eruTZOv 


rune 


rbnoiixt 


roTzo) 


ZOT.elv 


ZUTZlbv 


Put. 2. 


TUTlOJ 


TUnolfJLC j 


ZUTTSTW 


ZUTZOJV 



The First Future of the Fourth Conjugation is varied as 
the Second Future zorzw. Ex. (jT^epaJ, (TTzepoT/iCj (jTzspe'.Vj 
{n:£pa)v. 

Formation of the Tenses. 

The Present is the root. 

The Imperfect is formed from the Present, by changing 
0) into ovj and prefixing the Augment : as, kzuTrzo from 

ZUTlZO). 

The Augment is twofold : Syllabic and Temporal. It is 
prefixed to the Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, Paulo-post 
Future, and to the First and Second Aorists in the Indica- 
tive Mood; in the other 3Ioods, only to the Perfect and 
Paulo-post Future. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 35 

The Syllabic Augment is e prefixed to a Verb, when it 
begins with a Consonant : as, tuktio, stutztou. 

If a Verb begin with />, it is doubled after e in all the 
Tenses which increase : as, piTzro), eppir.rov. 

The Temporal Augment is >^ or co prefixed to a Verb in- 
. stead of the initial Mutable Vowel. 

The Mutable Vowels are «, e, o, a:, ao, oc ; a and e are 
changed into t], o into w^ c of the Diphthongs being sub- 
scribed : as, dxouojj r^xooov y epztdojj rjpecdov • dhiZa^, rjXtZov ^ 

Some Verbs beginning with e, take c after e for the Aug- 
ment : as, £/tt», el/^>v ; errcoj Htzov and elra, which preserves 
the Augment through all the Moods. 

If a Verb begin with an Immutable Vowel, it has no 
Augment ; the Immutable Vowels are )y, «, t», (jJj £«, et>, oo : 
as, fixiOy rjxov y oord^cDy owrajov, &c. 

""Aoj, d7)6i(T(Ta)j derivatives of oho^, as, oivocuj and a few 
others, take no Augment. Eu is sometimes changed to rju : 
as, eu^ofiaCf iju^ofxr^v. 

Augments of Compounds. 
Compound Verbs have the Augment in the middle, if 
they begin with a Preposition, or dbq, or so before a Mutable 
Vowel : as, xazaytvaxyxiOj xareyivojffxov • diXTapeariojj duffTjpiff- 
reov ; ebspyeriiOy ebrjpyireov ] with a few exceptions : as, 
d[x<piff^7jriwj r^fi(pt(T^7JT£0Vj &c. 

^ Prepositions in Composition. 
Prepositions ending with a Vowel, except tt^oo, tts^), and 
^jjL^Cj lose their final Vowel before another Vowel : as, 

Note. — The o of Tzpd before e, generally coalesces with it, 
and produces ou r as, Tzpooroil^av. 

The Verb d'^ocycu (compounded of dv« and o^yw) has the 



36 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

Augment sometimes at the beginning : as, 1st Aor. rj^oc^a, 
John ix. 26 ; and sometimes between the Preposition and 
the Verb (with the Attic e inserted): aS; d^iw^a. John 
ix. 30. 

f Y before a Guttural: as, irypdcpa). 
w in composition , ^ t i- i , ^ ^. 

, 1 . . < M beiore a Labial, or fx : as, ktiSd/lo). 

is changed into ) , , ^ ,, \ /. ' 

/ beiore another / : as, aoXkaiipdvo) , 

and it is omitted before C : as, (Tu^rjreco. 

The V is resumed, however, before the Augment : as, i/i* 

'Ex becomes s? before a Vowel : as, t^cpepov. 
P is doubled after a Vowel : as, dvappiw. 



Is formed from 
the Present, by 
changing the last^ 
Syllable in each 
Conjugation : — 



The First Future 
^ in the 1st, into (pa) : as, totztcdj rOcpio. 
in the 2d, into f ^ : as, Xiywj Xi^w. 
in the 3d, into (tu) : as, adcjy a<ja). 
In the 4th, 5 is circumflexed, and the 
penult made short : as, xpiva>^ xptvo). 



The penult of the First Future of the Fourth Conjuga- 
tion is made short, either by omitting a second Consonant : 
as, rifjLva)^ tsjulw ; or the second Vowel of a Diphthong : as, 
(paii'ojj <pavo) 'j or by shortening a doubtful Vowel : as, xp{vw, 
xptvoj. 

Many Verbs in C^, take f in the Future and correspond- 
ing tenses : as, (jT-qpi^o), -^cu. 

Some in (Tcrajf take (tw : as, itpd^ffo) (to sell)^ 7tpd(T(v, &c. 

When the characteristic of the Present is an Aspirate, 
and that Aspirate is afterward lost, compensation is made 
(when possible) by aspirating the initial of the tense where 
the loss occurs : as, e/w, i^u) ; '^P^X^i Opi^to^ &c. This com- 
pensation is possible in two cases, viz. when the Verb begins 
with a smooth Mute, and when with an unaspirated Vowel. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 37 

The First Aorist 

Is formed from the First Future, by changing o) into a, 
and prefixing the Augment : as, TU(l>a)j erucpa. 

These five first Aorists do not assume the characteristic 
of the First Future : edrjxaj edojxa, rjxaj eliza^ and rjveyy.a. 

" Edr^xa^ edwxa, and Yjxa are formed from the Perfect In- 
dicative; eliza and T^)^£Yxa from the Present. 

The penult of the 1st Aorist in the Fourth Conjugation, 
is always long; hence, a is changed into ^, e into £«, and t 
or o lengthened : as, (pdkXwj ^WcS, eil'Tjla ; iiivujy ixtvojy 
l/jtciva; xpivojj xpivcb^ expTva. 

Some drop (t : as, /^^, ysuffoj^ 1st Aorist e/ea in place of 

€y£0(Ta. 

The Perfect 
Is formed from the First Future, by prefixing the Redu- 
plication, if the Verb begin with a single simple Consonant, 
except /?, and changing in the 

1st Conjugation, ^w into (pa\ 

2d ?tt> into /a ; 

3d au) into xa; 

4th w into xa; and w into r^xa. 

Dissyllables of the Fourth Conjugation change e of the 
Future into a: as, azekoij taraXxa. But e of the Future in 
/jttti is retained: as, vefiw^ wAifrr.xa. 

Dissyllables in zbin^ ivoj^ ivMo, omit v of the Future in the 
Preterperfect : as, xptvokj xixpr/.i) the rest change v into yx 
as, (favojy T.iwayxa. 

Reduplication takes plnre in the Perfect, when the Verb 
begins with a single simple Coii sonant (except p) : as, ri- 
Tixpa] with a 3Iute before a Liquid (except yv)\ as, yiypa(pa 
from ypd(paj ; or with /xv : as, ixvdo>iaij ixifivriixai. 

Note. — The Smooth Mute is used instead of the Aspi- 
rate, as, (ppd^oj, (ppd(TWy Tzi^paxa^ to prevent two syllables 

4: 



88 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

coming together, commencing with Aspirates. There will 
be no reduplication when a Verb begins with p, or with two 
Consonants, not a Mute before a Liquid (except fiv) : as, 
(TTzeudo) ; or a double -Consonant : as, ^dco ; in which cases 
the Syllabic Augment merely is prefixed : as, etTTzeuxa, eXrjxa. 

K is sometimes cast away and the penult shortened : as, 

yiy-qxa, yiyaa. 

The Pluperfect 

Is formed from the Perfect, by changing a into etv^ and 
prefixing the Syllabic Augment, if there be a Eeduplica- 

tion : as, xiroipa^ hs^rixpeLv. 

The Second A ovist 

Is sometimes the same as the Imperfect: as, lypaipov) 
but when the penult of the Present is long, that penult 
must be shortened to form the 2d Aorist : as, rbizTw^ eronov. 

The penult is shortened in Consonants, generally by the 
omission of the latter Consonant: as, totztco^ £r6»7rov; 4'dXkii}, 

eil>akov : 

c 



in Vowels by 



changing 1 «^ 



^into a: as, 



f IrjOio^ eXaOov. 
J rpmyojj krpayov. 

ei into t : as, Xsitzw, eXcTzov. 
I £6» into d^ : as, (peuyio^ e^oyou. 

El in Dissyllables of the Fourth Conjugation, is changed 
into a: as, (jr.dpiOj effr.apov] in Trissyllables into e: as, 
6<petlo)j wcpeXov. 

The penult is changed into a: as, rpir.o}, erpar.ov) except 
I'/e^-oy, e(phyoVj £;3X-7:o>^ erexov. 

Verbs in ^oj, (rao), and rrw, if they have the First Future 
in ?w, have the 2d Aorist in yov : as, rdrToj or Td(7(T(Oj rd^oj, 
ezayov ) but those having the Future in ffio, have the 2d 
Aorist in dov : as, (fpa^(j^, <ppdffo)j ecppaSov. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



aft 



The 2d Aorist affords an additional illustration of the 
Aspirate being changed into the Smooth Mute, when an- 
other Aspirate commences the following syllable ; as, OdnTWj 
eraipovj not Idacpov. 

Some, instead of tt, the smooth Consonant of the Theme, 
assume, first, the middle /S: as, e^Xa^ov^ expv^ov) from 
^XdizTit)^ xpvxTo) : secondly, the Aspirate <p : as, ^^ov, e^a<pov] 
from aTtzojj ^dnro). 

Verbs ending in cu pure, generally want the^ 2d Aorist and 
Future, and also the Perfect Middle. 

The Second Future 

Is formed from the 2d Aorist, by changing ov into w cir- 
cumflexed, and omitting the Augment : as, eroTrov, tutzoj. 

The second and third Persons Singular in the Subjunctive 
Mood of every Verb Active, and the second Person Singular 
of Tenses in [xat^ have i subscribed to the final letters, «, ?y, a>. 



S. eliii 
D. — 



The Verb dixi, to he 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense. 
ek or el, 



P. iffixiv, 



S. ^%, 
D. — 



S. ecTOfxaij 
D. iffOfieOoVy 
P. i(T6iJ.e6aj 



kark, 

Imperfect, 
fjq or rj<7da, 

Future. 

£(T£(TO£y 



i(jTi. 
el(Ti. 



7] or 7}v. 
rj(jav. 



e(Te<j6ov. 



40^ GRREK RUDIMENTS. 

Pluperfect. 



S. wn^, 


^<J0, 


D. TjixeOoVy 


^adov, 


P. rjfxeda^ 


^(Tde, 






IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Present and Imperfect. 
S. ^iadi^ effdtj or eVo^ eaTO), 



P. eVre^ eaToxsav or etrrwv, 

OPTATIVE MOOD. 

Present and Imperfect. 

D. el'TjTOU^ eiTJTTjV. 

P. etfjixev, drjre, eirjffav or eTew* 

S. i(Toc/J.rjVj eaotOy ecoiro, 

D. l(Joiixedo\>j effotadoVj iffoiadrjv. 

P. ^(joifiedaj e60t<jdey effoivro. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present and Imperfect. 
S. &, ^?, I 

D. ^Tov^ ^rov. 

P. <LlJ.£Vj TjTej W<71, 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present and Imperfect, 
elvdt. 

Future. 
eaeaOat. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



41 







PARTICIPLES. 








Present. 




N. 


<w, 


oUxja^ 


&. 


G. 


ovTO<;f 


Future, 


> ovroq. 


N. 


icdixsvoq^ 


kconivTjy 


Udfisvov, 


G. 


i<TOfxivoOy 


icofxiyqq. 


i^onevoo. 



Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



Indie. 


Imper. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


Particip. 


Pres. eifxi 
Imp. ^v 

Fut. £(TOfXat 
Plup. TJ/XTjV 


f ttrdty £(76t, 

\ or €(70, 


i(T0lJJL7jV 


(5 


elvat 
e<Te(Tdai 


^(Tdfievo^, 



S. cf/x«, 

D. 

P. ffxev, 



S. e7v, 

D. 

P. /Vv, 



i^/jtc, to go, 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 

eh or el, 

hoiff 



Imperfect, 

?TOV, 

4* 



elciy ?(rt, or ?a<r«. 



eT. 



42- 







GREEK RUDIMENTS. 








Pluperfect. 




s. 


g.e<v, 


-eiq, 


-e«. 


D. 




-etrovj 


-SiTTjV 


P. 


rj-etixtvy 


-eire, 
Second Aorist. 


'£l(TaV 


S. 


tOVf 


'^?, 


h. 


D. 




ferov, 


Mtjjv, 



p. fofiSV, 



ten, 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



Present. 



S. 
D. 
P. 



S. 
D. 
P. 



lOi or e], 


ITO). 


Trov, 


ha)v. 


he, 


hwrrav. 


Second Aorist. 




r^, 


iirco. 


ferovj ;>. . 


; liriov. 


tere. 


Uraxrav 



OPTATIVE MOOD. 







Second Aorist. 




s. 


liOifXiy ; 




i^^^) 


?ot. 


D. 






tOCTOVy . , : 


lloivrjv 


P. 


fotfl?)/, 




^«f^^; . .-•> 


^otey. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



43 



S. fw, 

D. 

P. iiuixev 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Second Aorist. 

h,<;, if). 

ir^TOVf ?1JT0V. 

^TjTS, YuXTt, 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. 

slvat. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Second Aorist. 
IwV) louaa, lov. 



S. ila, 
D. 



' Y 
MIDDLE VOICE. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 



P. efa/iev, 



S. Itiv, 

D. 






Perfect, 



Pluperfect. 



ele. 
efafft. 



7jii<TaVj or 



44 



GKEEK EUDIMENTS. 



*- 






1 
















1- 




1 




1 § § 
g s " a > 

"J?* O (O O S -^3 

• 1 j^ 1 1 ^ 






a; 


(•1 

1 


^ ^ '^ to 


o <0 
^• 1 te 


^ 


t 










1 


1 1 1 1 


sj>^ V 


?-r 


?^ ^ '^^ 










3 








cl 






« 


>i « « ^^ 


:v Ph 






eg -3 






<^ 


^ w ^ ^ 


a> 






3 - a =^ S 


iiJ ::; ?t 








1 1 f 1 


— -S — 

A te 3 
FT1 






? ~Y ? ¥ M 








1 


tifl 


^ 




lIlflllH 






V 


*5 ^ ^ 5 


Tg-Y 


?-T 


T ? -^ ^? Y 1 












t- 






=^ ^ >> A N 




o 

1— 1 


'^.^ 


1 

<o 


^ ^ g " 




IB 

3- P- 


HUM 




o 
> 

s 


•^ 


1 

(O 


=K r< ^ :v 

<5i ^ *^ ^ 

(O (o (O (o 


1 






^ ^ nd 

ii< =) ^ a 

• ' ' >. 


















p» 






•J 


e H e g 


^ - 

1-3 


1 


2 




^ <«- 






tli 


w tji N tj 


R* . -5 


^^s- 


K* O (o O CO S* 


s- *<i^ 




^ 


^ 


o « $ 




1 1 

4-^ 


s- o ^ ^ V • 






^2 












:v *^ :^ "S 


„^3 =§ 






1- 


nil 








? ^ '? I.- 










R- 






• 


JK^ 








:d V^ to t^ 




p 


^ 

^ 


=1 . s- 

u M g g §^ 1^ 


5- 

-:5 (o p ^ 






^S 


K. vu K. (o 


^. ^ -s 


Nu -::) 


-S C5 to <*i O ^ 
t- I- ^. t- K" P 






I- 


'><*» I- '<0 h» 


^•Ui . ^. 


t- 


I- 


t- V- t- g 






. 




: : 


tIt 








. CO 


* 03 






£ 


O 




.22 oPh 




in 




^jl 


Sub. Pres. . 

Perfect 

1st Aorist.. 
So 2d Aor 






M 
P 

»— 1 


'St 




O p. 
rH 1— 1 


c 

^ 

u 

^ 


< 


r^^ O ;^ Ph T-H 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



45 



Infinitive Pres. TbnT^adai) Perfect, ztzvcpdat.. 
Paulo-post Fut. rezbip-efrOat. 
1st Aor. ro(pd I _^^^^ I 1st Fut. zucpO j 
2d Aor. Ton I '''''"^^ 1 2d Fut. roiz j 



TJ<T£(T6at. 



Tezoipdixe- 



PARTICIPLES. 
Pres. zonzo/xe- 
Perf. zezoiitxi- 
Paulo-post Fut. 
1st Fut. zo(pdri(T6ixe- 
2d Fut. zonr^aoixt- 
1st Aor. zv(pd- ") Norn, -sk, -tl^a^ -iv. 
2d Aor. zoa- ) Gen. -i'^zoq, -eidfjqy -ivzog, &c. 



Nom. -vo^j ->7]j ->ov. 
Gren. -vot>, -vTjg, -uouj &c 



Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



Pres. 

Imper. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


zuTZZ-o/xat ") 
IzoTZz-otxrj'^ J 


-00 


-oi:riy^ 


•cofxai 


-e(TOai 










Perf. 

Pluper. 


zizo-fxp^ai 1 
kz£zu-(xfxri'> ) 


•C^'O 


( -fx/xivoq 

1 £i7JV 


-/x/xivoc 0) 


'(fOat 


Paulo-p. F. 


zezuip-oixai 




-Oifxryj 




'Sffdat 


1st Aor. 


iz{j(p-Or^v 


-dr^zt 


'Oeir^v 


-Oo) 


-Ory^ac 


1st Fut. 


zo(p-drj(Joixai 




'drjaoiixri'^ 




-dy]<je(jdat 


2d Aor. 


kzbr.-rf> 


'TlOi 


-eiry^ 


-aj 


-^va: 


2d Fut. 


zon-Tjaofxat 




--qaoiix'ti'j 




-ri(7e<jOat 



ezofxixivoq. Paulo-post 



Part. Pres. zonzofxevoq. Perf. 
Fut. zezoipofxe'^oq. 1st Aor. zo<p0e{g. 1st Fut. zoipOrjcro- 
• fxevoq. 2d Aor. zoTzsiq. 2d Fut. zonrjcro/xe^oc. 



Formation of the Tenses. 

The Present 
Is formed from the Present Active, by changing to into 
ofxat : as, zonzw^ zonzo/xai. 



46 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

The Imperfect 
Is formed from the Imperfect Active, by changing v into 
ixfjvx as, eruTZTov^ iroTrro/jiTjv. 

The Perfect 

Is formed from the Perfect Active, by changing in the 
1 f P * i pure into jmpLat : as, rirocpa^ rerofiiiat. 

1 impure into fxai : as, rirepcpay Tirep/xat, 
2d Conj. /a into ^^/lat: as, ^Me^a, kikeyixat. 
3d Conj. xa into trixat: as, -Kinetxay TzineKJiiat. 
4th Conj. xa into p.at\ as, eipaXxa^ eipaXfxat. 

Verbs of the 3d Conjugation, in (o pure, change xa into 
jxaty if the penult of the Active Perfect be long : as, XiXooxa^ 
XiXoupLac. 

Some Verbs in w pure form the Perfect — 

First, in (r/iaty when the penultimate is long: as, Tjxouxa^ 
TJxouff/iai J so also, xeXeoojj xpooojy Ttatajj aeiiOj &c. 

Secondly, in ixat, when the penultimate is short or doubt- 
ful : as, Tjpoxa, iqpoixai ; so also dbw^ Xbcoy opdoj^ Tztipdo)^ &c. 

Thirdly, in aixai and ixai : as, xixXtixa^ xixXuaiiai^ and 
xixXtip.ai. 

Dissyllables, whose first syllables include r/?£, change e 
into a: as, axpicpo)^ ^iarptcpa^ e(jTpaixp.at. But they resume 
it in the 1st Aorist : as, IdTpiipdrjv, 

Verbs in aivo) and uvoj often form the Perfect in <Tiiat ; as, 
p.iaiviOj ix^iiiaaiiai : pA)Xbvio^ fxeixoXixjtxat. 

Of the Persons of the Perfect. 

The Second Person Singular is formed from the first, by 
changing the Consonants before ac into the characteristic ol 
the First Future Active : as, riru/xjiai, zhuil'ai. In the ^i\ 
Conjugation, [x is sometimes changed into a : as, l^izapixai 
taizapaai. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 47 

The Third Person Singular is formed from the second, 
by changing a into r: as, e<y7:ap<jai, e^Tzaorat) riroipatj 

The Second and Third Persons Dual, and the Second 
Person Plural, are formed from the Third Person Singular, 
by changing the smooth Mutes into their Aspirates: as, 
rirunraCj riru^doVj riroifde. 

In the Imperative Mood, the Second Person Singular is 
formed from the Second Person Singular of the Indicative, 
by changing at into o : as, TiTO(l'ac, zirixpo. The Third 
Person is formed from the Second Person Plural of the In- 
dicative, by changing e into oj : as, ziTo<pO-ej reTixpO-cj. 

The Optative and Subjunctive are most frequently formed 
from the Participle, and efTjy, w. But if the Perfect Indica- 
tive ends in jiat pure, it is changed into/^>jv in the Optative; 
and in the Subjunctive [xat, with the preceding Vowel, into 
w[xai : as, rerttxirjixatj TSTifxrjiirjv^ rertiiwiiat. 

The Third Person Plural is formed from the Third Person 
Singular, ending in rat pure, by placing v before rat : as, 
xixptratj xixpcvrac. But if the Third Person Singular ends 
in rac impure, the Third Person Plural is formed from the 
Participle and the Third Person Plural of the Verb el/xi : 
as, riroTcraty ^eTOfx/iivoc elai. 

The Infinitive is formed by changing e of the Second Per- 
son Plural Indicative into at : as, ziroipd-t^ zizo(pd-ai, 

"^ The Pluperfect, 

Is formed from the First Person Singular of the Perfect, 
by changing ixai into /i?yv, and prefixing e, if the Verb begin 
with a Consonant : as, zizoixfiatj izszo/xjuirjv. 

The Paulo-post Future 

Is formed from the Second Person Singular of the Perfect, 
by inserting oij. before at : as, zizu(J'ac^ zezo(po/iat. 



48 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

The Paulo-post Future may also be formed from the First 
Future Middle, by prefixing the Reduplication, if the Verb 
admit it : as, roipofiaij rerbipoiiat. 

This Tense is never found in Verbs of the Fourth Conju- 
gation, or which have the Temporal Augment. 

^ The First Aorist 

Is formed from the Third Person Singular of the Perfect, 
by dropping the Consonant of the Reduplication, changing 
rat into OrjVj and the preceding smooth Mute into its Aspi- 
rate : as, riruTZTaij irixpdrjv. 

Three Verbs assume ff : as, eppiorai, tppclxjO-^v ; iiitiv-qrai^ 
ep.i^rj(T07j'> ) T.i-JzXriTatj iTzX-qGdrjv. But <yi<ju)<jTai drops the a : 
as, i(7d)drfV. 

The First Future 

Is formed from the First Aorist by changing v into Goiiat^ 
and dropping the Augment : as, ho(pdrjVj TO(pdy](TO[xat. 

The Second Aorist 

Is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by changing 
ov into y}\> : as, eroTzoVj ironr^M. 

No Second Aorist occurs in dr^v, dr^v^ r-qv. or from Verbs 
in w pure, except ^xa>jv, iddr^Vj k^pb-^v, i(phr]v. 

The Second Future 

Is formed from the Second Aorist, by changing v into 
cofxaiy and dropping the Augment : as, hbzjjVy T07:yj(xofxai. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



49 



MIDDLE VOICE. 
Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



Pres. 
Imper. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


Part. 


ruTtr-oiiai l 
iroTZT-ofUjv J 


-00 


'Oifxr^v 


'iiJIiat 


-eadai 


-o'levoq 


1 Fut. 


TU(p-oixa(, 




-0i{X7IV 




-effOai 


'Ofxevoq 


1 Aor. 


iroip-dfiTiv 


-at 


-aifir^v 


-wfiai 


-aaOat 


'dfievoq 


Perf. 
Pluper. 


zirun-a | 
ireruTr-etv j 


-e 


-oiixt 


-CD 


-ivai 


'Cbq 


2 Aor. 


iroTZ-opLTjv 


'00 


'OllX-1]V 


-wfiai 


-eaOat 


-o/jLevoq 


2 Fut. 


roTZ-ooiiat 




-otiiiqv 




-elffdat 


-oofievoq 



The Tenses of the Middle Voice are varied after the forms 
of the Active and Passive Voices, according to their re- 
spective terminations. 

Formation of the Tenses. 

The Present and Imperfect 
Are the same as the Passive. 

The Perfect 

Is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by prefixing 
the Reduplication, and changing ov into a: as, stotzou, 
riroTza. 

In Dissyllables, if the Second Aorist has a in the pe- 
nultimate, when the Present has e or ec, the a is changed 
into o in the Perfect Middle: as, TzXixoj^ erzkaxov^ r.i-Xoxa) 
aneipujj ea^apov^ eaizopai but when the penultimate of the 
Present is t) or ae, it is changed into t^: as, XijOo), eXaOoVy 
XiXrjda) <pai)f(i}j icpavov, iziipr^ya. SdXXojy edaXoVj makes r^- 
drjXa) and xXd^io^ exXayoVy makes xixXrjya. 

5 



50 



GREEK RUDIiMENTS. 



If the Second Aorist has c in the penultimate, when the 
Present has etj t is changed into oi in the Perfect Middle : 
as, eldwj I'doVj old a. 

The Pluperfect 

Is formed from the Perfect, by prefixing e, and changing 
a into eiv : rirunay irerumiv. 

The First Aorist 

Is formed from the First Aorist Active, by adding /x>yv : 
as, erocl'af iTU(pdfjL7jVj which is varied through its Persons, as 
follows : — 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 



s. 


STUil'-d/irjVj 


-OJ, 


-aro. 


D. 


'dfieOoVj 


-aaOo'^j 


-dfjOfjv. 


P. 


-d/jLzOaj 


-affOsj 


-avTo. 



s. 

P. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



TOip-atj 


'dad(jD. 


-aadoVj 


'dffOa)v» 


-aade^ 


'dadu)6o,v. 



OPTATIVE MOOD. 



s. 


TOip'aiixrjVj 


-aiOj 


-acTo. 


D. 


-aifxeOoVj 


-acffdovj 


-aL(707j> 


P. 


-aifxedaj 


'ai(TOsj 


-aivTo 



The First Future 

Is formed from the First Future Active, by changing a> 
into ofiai: as, TOil'io^ rbil^oiiai) but in the Fourth Conjuga- 
tion into ifbiJ/a : as, (TTZ-pQ^ (TTzepoo'tat. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



51 



The Second Aorist 

Is formed from the Second Aorist Active, by chaDging v 
into firjV : as, eroizo-v^ ho7:-6firju. 

The Second Future 

Is formed from the Second Future Active, by changing a 
into odjiat: as, tottcD, Tonod/iac. 



s. 


Tunov/iatj 


TO-ri, 


Tunelrac. 


D. 


TVnobiiedoVy 


ruTre'iffOovj 


ToneXtjdoM, 


P. 


fUTiOO/iedaj 


roTvelddej 


TOTiOovrai. 



Deponent Verbs 

May be properly called Defective Verbs, whose Active is 
obsolete, and which want also some Tenses of the Passive 
and Middle Voices. 

Synopsis or the form of a Deponent Verb. 



Pres. 
Imper. 


Indie. Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


Part. 




dix-oo 


-oLlir^v 


'lofxat 


-ecrdaL 


'dfievoq 


Perf. 

Pluper. 


dideyfiat | 


dide^^o 






-XOai 


'Yfiivoq 


P.-p.Fut. 


dedi^o/iac 




-oiirt]v 




-eadai 


-ofxevoq 


1 Aor. M. 


id£SdiJ.rjv 


di^^ai 


-aifi-qv 


-wfiat 


-aaOai 


-a/ievoq 


1 Put. M. 


di^-ofxat 




'Ot/JLTjV 




-eaOai 


-ojjLevoq 


1 Aor. P. 


idixBr^v 


dixO'TiTL 


-e\rjv 


-w 


-Tjvat 


-ek 


1 Put. P. 


dexOrj(T-oiJ.at 




'OCJULTjV 




-eaOai 


-ojaevoc; 



Some Deponent Verbs have a Second Aorist Middle. 



52 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



The Conjugation of a Verb, in each Voice; is as fol- 
lows : — 



Act. rbr.To). 
Pass. TOTZTOfxai. 
Mid. TUTcTOfiat. 
Dep. dk^oixat. 



Fut. 1. TUipOJ. 

Perf. riTOfifxat. 
Fut. 1. ru(l'Ofiac, 
Fut. 1. di'^oiiai. 



Perf. thixpa. 
Aor. 2. iTU7:7)v. 
Perf. riruna, 
Perf didey^at. 



Of Contracted Verbs. 

Verbs of the Third Conjugation in -aoj^ -eoj^ -ooj^ are con- 
tracted in the Present and Imperfect Tenses only. 



characteristics. 

If a be followed by o or id^ the contraction is made in w : 
as, Tifxdcoj 'W'j otherwise in a : as, Tiixdeiq, -^q. 

If £ be followed by another e, the contraction is made in 
ei : as, <piXeej -ei] if by o, in oo: as, (pdiofiev, -oo/isv', if by 
any long quantity, the e is omitted ; as, (ptXieq^ -XsTq. 

If the be followed by a short Vowel, the contraction k 
made in oo : as, ^pu(7oe, -oo] if by a long Vowel, in lo : as, 
^pi)66a)j -(TWj if by a diphthong, drop the first Vowel of the 
diphthong: as, ^poffdet^y -(Tolq', except in the Present In- 
finitive Active, where, in place of oi, we meet ou : as, 
^pu(T6eiVj '(Touif. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



53 



Prt.P.N. i-hSub. Pr. 




s> s> s^ 



^ 8j Sj Sj 



I I I r^ 

«- ^ fix O 

O C O 15 • I • 

§ ft § g^'o ^ -^ 

ft ft ^ ^ A • A 

^^^^ 



O ^ C Nj I I I 

•o •o o^ -^ 2- ^ ft. 

c <s -^ *s 

c^ c? ^; , s^^^ ft? 



H H 2 

o c ^ 
«o «n '^ 



C? ft 

• I 



^^^ 



8 ^d ^ 
^ '^ j^ 

c? c? ^' 

1 a 3 



C> ^ ft. 

S S S 
S^ S? S? 



(lev 

C^x ">^ ft, 

4^^? ft? 



cs f»>N a, 
£ S S 

s> s? e> 



^ 



Opt. Pr. 



S,'S^ 



-Sj 



TTjV 



^ ft. 



aev 



Ir^x 



Ox <^ ft. 

c ^ c 



s, s,'^' 



Ijip. Pr. 




Imp. Ind. Pres. 






3 t^N -^^ 



«5 ft o^ fOx ft, 
I I S S £ 



§ § I Sj Si Sj 






ft o> ^ ft. 

n> O) "^ O) 
•^ Jl <rj Ji 






s 



o S J^ ^ S^ ft* 

P) <^ O) 0> ^ O) 




c J5 ft. 








ft 




2 


§. 




i. 


1 





o 



T7JW 




jOL£V 



/X£V 




0> f^jN ft. 

o S o 
c c c 

> * i 

CJ CJ ^* 



6* 



54 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



Pres. 
Imper. 
Fut. 1. 
Aor. 1. 
Perf. 
Pluper. 
Aor. 2. 
Fut. 2. 



Indie. 



TtfJL-d(0, 'W 

iriii-aov^ -ov 

TtfJL'TJiTa) 

TETlfX'TjXa 
iT£TtfJL'TJxetV 
STCfX-OV 
TtfJL'ib 



Imp. 



ae, -a 
Tjxe 



Optat. 


Sub. 


dotfXtf (pfJLt 


dwy -d) 


7J(70tfJLC 




7J (Tat fit 


7J(TiO 


rjxotfxt 


rjxcj 


Otflt 


iO 


Olflt 





Infin. 



dttv, av 

'lj(7£tV 

rj(Tat 
Tjxivat 

eTv 



Part. Pres. rtii-dwvj -wv. Fut. 1. Ttfi-7J<Twv. Aor. 1. Tiii-T^ffaq. 
Perf. Tertfx-Tjxwq. Aor. 2. Tt/x-wv. Fut. 2. Ttfi-wv. 



Pres. 
Imper. 
Fut. 1. 
Aor. 1. 
Perf. 
Pluper. 
Aor. 2. 
Fut. 2. 



Indie. 



<ptX-iw, -c5 

k<pil'tov^ -ouv 

(ptX-'-fjffa) 

i(fiA-rj(Ta 

7:e(pt?^-7jxa 

k7Z£(pik-rjxeiv 

ecptl-ov 

<ptk-(jj 



Imp. 



7]<J0V 

7]xe 



Optat. 



iotfitf -olfit 

7J(T0t/JLt 

rjtjaiiit 

TJXOt/JLt 
OtfJLt 

oX[xt 



Sub. 



ill), -cD 
rj(Tio 

TJXIO 



Infin. 



rj<Tstv 
r^crat 

Tjxivat 



Part. Pres. (ptXiiov^-wv, Fut. 1. (ptk-ijawv. Aor. 1. (ptX-ijaac;, 
Perf. 7:£<ptk-rjxmq. Aor. 2. (ptk-wv. Fut. 2. (ptX-wv. 



Pres. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


Xpoa-ou)^ .a) 1 


0£, -Ot> 


6otp,t, '07iit\6a), -cD 


6£tV, GOV 


Imper. 










Fut. 1. 


ypo(j-(0(Tw 




(OffOtfXl 




m(T£tV 


Aor 1. 


hypba-ioaa 


axTov 


(Offatfit 


axju) 


ijjaat 


Perf 
Pluper. 


K£y^pO(T-a)xa | 
ix^ypfj(T-d)y£tv J 


(i)X£ 


WXOtflt 


WXOJ 


ioxivat 


Part. Pres. xp^^-^^^^f -^^- F^^- !• XP^^'^^^^ 


Aor. 1. 


[ 


yj)U(T-dj(7a<;. Perf x£ypU(T-atx(oq. 





GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



55 




56 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



I 



Indie. 



Pres. rt/j.-dO'W'fxai 

Imper. iriii-ad'W-iirjv 

Perf. \Tert/jL-7jfiat 

Pluper. trzrifX'TJfJLTjv 

P.-p. F. rertji'ijffofxat 



rj(TOi/irjV 
Aor. 1. eTtfx-rjdTjv r^O-qzi fjOti-qv 

Put. 1. ri/JL-rj07J(TOfiat 7)07](To{ixr)v 

Aor. 2. irifjL-rjv tjOi etr^u 

Put. 2. Tl/JL'lj(TO/iat 7)(T()lfl7}V 

Part Pros. Tifx-ad-w-fxtvoq. Perf. Terifx- 
riTtii-Tjddfitvoq. Aor. 1. rt/JL-r^detq. Put. 
Aor. 2. ri/i etq. Put. 2. Ti/i-TjtTOfxevoq. 



Imp. 



flfo6> -cy 



>y<ro 



Optat. 



(iof 



•w -^lyv 



Tjf^'^J^ 



Sub. Infin. 



o^c^^ -a) 

(Ojiai 



Oq) ■qdTJvat 

ijvat, [Oat 

7J(T£(T0ai 

Tjixivot;. P.-p. P. 
1. ripL-7]6r^(T6fjL£yo<;. 



de -a 



Pres. 
liijper. 
Perf. 
Pluper. 
P.-p. P. 
Aor. 1. 
Put. 1. 
Aor. 2. 
Put. 2. 



Indie. 



ipiX-io'dv-fiat I 
iipU-eO'Ou-jirjv j 
ne<pik-7j[xai | 
cTcsipiX'rjiirjv ) 

7:£<pt?<.'TJ<T0/Xat 

lipiX-TjOrjv 
<piX-t]Ori(joiJ.ai 

ipiX'-qaofxai 



iou-ou 



7j(70 



Imp. 



Optat. 



ioi -Ot -JJLTJV 



??'"'? ^ 



7j(Tl)i/irf^ 7J(T£<Tdat 

ijdrjTt r^O£irjv if]0<h rjOrjvat 

TjOriffoiixTjv 7j6rjff£<T- 

rjdc £trjv (b rjvat [Oat 

Tjijoiixriv 7J(T£(r0ai 

Part. Pres. <pd'io'OU'fx£voq. Perf. 'K£(pil-rjidvoq. P.-p. F. 
7:£<pd-ria6ii£voq. KoY.\.<fiX-rjO£iq. ¥\xt. 1. (pd-rj67]<T6uL£vo<;. 
Aor. 2. (pd-£i<;. Put. 2. <pd-7]<T6jj.£vo(;. 



ojixai 



Sub. 



Infin. 



:£ re? 

I'ffdai 
7J(T0ai 



Pres. 
Imper. 
Perf. 
Pluper. 
P.-p. P. 
Aor 1. 
Put. 1. 



Indie. 



^pO(T-oo-ou-fxat-. 
xzypoc-ioixai | 

ix£ypU(T-(Oll7jV ) 
XzypU(TC0(70fXai 

•/pu(7-(60rjv 
ypU(noOrj(Ti)ixai 



Imp. 



6 00 -01) 



(oOtjTI 



Optat. I Sub. 



'Ot -JULTjV OiOy -cD 

[-/xat 



OJ/XYjV 
OKTOtfXTj'^ 

wO£trjy 

'coOTjfTOtfXTj'^ 



(o/xat 



wOa> 



Infin. 



Part. Pres. ypU(j-o6~ohix£voq. Perf. xtypod-wfUvoq 
X£ypu(T-iO(76ix£voq. Aor, 1. ypi)(7-o)0£iq. Put. 
ioOrirrSixtvoq. 



0£ -oo 

I'fTOat 
axrOat 

(I)i7E(70at 

cijOr^vat 
-e(jOat 

p.-p. F. 

1. XpO(T' 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



57 



middlp: voice. 

Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
(The Present and Imperfect are the same as the Passive.) 



1 Fut. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


rcfi-rj(To/iai 




rjdoiiifjv 




7J(Te<70ac 


1 Aor. 


irtfjL-rjfTdfirj'^ 


Tfaat 


Tiaaiixrjv 


y]<jioiiai 


TJ(Ta(TOat 


Perf. 


ririfi-a 

irert/x-eo . 










Pluper. 


£ 


-Ot'U 


(I) 


ivai 


2 Aor. 


htii-6[irf> 


00 


-oiiiTiV 


-wfiai 


iaQai 


2 Fut. 


Tifj.-ou[iai 




oqir^v 




eXadat 


Part. Fut. 1. TL[x-r^(j6[xevoq. Aor. 1. riix-r^(Tdiievoq. Perf. 


T£Ttfx-c6<;. Aor. 2. Tifi'Ofxe^^oq, Fut. 2. TipL-ov/j.eyoq. 


IFut. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


(fd'rjffoixai 




rj(joiixrf^ 




y] dead at 


1 Aor. 


icpd'T^adyxiv 


7J(Tat 


rj<Taifxriv 


lj(7(OJJLat 


riaaadai 


Perf. 


Tzifd-a 1 

STzeipd-eLu j 








hat 


Pluper. 


e 


OCfJLt 


0) 


2 Aor. 


i<pd-6/i7)v 


00 


Ol/XYjV 


ijj/xac 


iaOai 


2 Fut. 


(pd-ou/idc 




OlfJLTjV 




eXadat 


Part. Fut. 1. <pd'7j(T6/i£vo<;. Aor. 1. <pd-rj<TdpLevo(;. Perf. 


Tteifik-mq. Aor. 2. (pd-ofxevoq. Fut. 2. ^d-oofX£>o^. 


1 Fut. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


XP0(7- (bffofiat 




wffOifirjv 




W(j£(rdai 


1 Aor. 


^ypU(T'WadfJLrjv 


axrai 


axTaifiriv 


(0(70) fxat 


d)ffa<Tdat 


Part. Fut. 1. ^poff-axTOfxevoq. Aor. 1. ^pocr-wadfievoq. 



Formation of the Tenses 

In all the Voices, is the same as that of the Barytons ; 
but the First Future requires a long Vowel before <Ta> : — 

1. Except Verbs in acoy which have e or ij also X or p 
pure, before aio^ form the Future in aao^ and the Perfect in 
axa\ as, idejj ^d<Ta)j etaxa. 



68 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

Some have the Future in aaoj and riffu) (poetically). 

2. Some Verbs in eoj form the Future in eauj^ and the 
Perfect in exa : as^ reXico. 

Some have both terminations (poetically). 
Some Dissyllables form the Future in toacoy and the Per- 
fect in eoxa : as, Oicoy TzXicOj &c. 

3. Some in ooj have, in the Future and Preterperfect, a 
penultimate o : as, apow^ opMoj. 

The 2d Aorist is formed from the Imperfect, by omitting 
the Vowel before ov : as, hcfiaoy erifxo> ; Icpthovy ewt/.ov. 

Of Verbs in ju. 
Verbs in jii are formed from Verbs of the 3d Conjugation 
of BarytonS; in aojj eco, oco, and uwj — 

First, by prefixing the Reduplication with t. 
Second, by changing the oj into //:. 
Third, by lengthening the penultimate. 
Thus, from (rrdoj is formed 'laTT^fit. 

did) riOrjiii. 

dooj dtdcofjLt. 

The Reduplication occurs only in the Present and Im- 
perfect. 

When the first Consonant is repeated with :, it is called 
the proper Reduplication : as, S6(0y didcofxi. 

If the Verb begin with a Vowel, with tzt or <rT, Aspirated 
i only is prefixed : as, ^lo, "irjixi ; TZTdo), "nTTj/u, &c. This is 
called the improper Reduplication. 

Some Verbs are without a Reduplication : as, (p-^fu, &c. 

The Present, Imperfect, and 2d Aorist alone, are peculiar 
to Verbs in /xj; the other Tenses are regularly formed (with 
some shades of exception) from Verbs in w pure : as, ddxrwy 
Sidojxa, as if from ddcu. 

Verbs in fu have no 2d Future, Perfect Middle, or 2d 
Aorist Passive. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



59 



ACTIVE VOICE. 



-Tjq -7) 
-Ojq -O) 

-■qq -Tj 



• TO) 




il. lar -1)111 -Tjq 'T^ai 
2. rid-rj!U -rjq -yjfTc 
3. did-iotj.i -a>q -co(Ti 
{1. 'ifTT-rjU -7)q -7) 
2. hiO-TiV 
3. idid-wv 
^ r 1. eVrryv 
^ -] 2. e'^-r^v 

ci r 1. l(TT-a9t -d 

M J 2. rj'^-err -£ 
p; (3. did-oOi -6 
2 Aor. az-rfii -rJTWj &c. 

2 Aor. 1. (JT-airf^ -ai'qq. 2. ^enyv -£6y<r. 3. docTjv-ocrjqj &G. 

£; r 1. l(jT-a>-aq-a I -a 

P5 ■< 2. TiO-dJ-Tjq-r, -rj 

M (^3. dcd-w-wq-aj \ -aj ^ 

2 Aor. 1. <rr-a> -^(T, &c. 2. -^ft) -fj^y &c. 3. ^tt> -cD<^, &c. 

Infin. Pres. 1. 1(tt -duat. 2. rid -iwat. 3. Scd -ovat. 

Aor. 2. <jT-r^vatj OeXvaty doo'mt. 

Present Participle. 

1. IffT'dq^ -aaa^ -dv. Gr. dwoq^ -dar^qy -dvToq. So Aor. 2.ffTdq. 

2. TtO-eiqj -el(Ta, -iv. Gr. ^vro<r, -d(Jr}<;y -ivroq. So Aor. 2. Oeiq. 

3. did'oh^j-oofTay'dv. Gr. <$vro^, -06><r)y?,-ovTO<?. So Aor. 2. ^ot>c. 



9 ff.eq 'iriDj &C. 3. d-oq^ -OTOi 

7) y fx^v -re -<3"av and ■< -"ev 
7y) (--^ev 



r^Tov -r^TTfj 



-a 
-ojtxev -rj 



Formation of the Tenses. 
The Imperfect 
Is formed from the Present, bj prefixing the Augment 
(if the Verb begin with a simple Consonant), and changing 
p.t into V : as, rcdrj/iCj irtOrjv ; but larrjfu makes "(Tttjv. 

The Persons of the Imperfect are seldom used ; these 3d 
Persons Singular, Ictttj and irtOrjy however, are met with. 
The Singular Number, and the 3d Person Plural, are fre- 
quently formed as if from the Contracts IdrdiOy rtOciOj dcdda). 



60 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



1. 



KTTiov -a^ -a 'wv. 



2. iridouv -etg -si 
'OOq -00 II -oov. 



-oov. B. kdidoov 



So also the 2d Person Sing, of the Imperative : as, Ura^ 

ridetj did 00. 

The Second Aorist 

Is formed from the Imperfect, by omitting the Redupli- 
cation : as, iridrjWj edr^v, "itiv, rjv ; or by changing the improper 
Reduplication i into the Augment : as, "(ttt^Vj eavqv. 

If the Verb have no Reduplication, the Second Aorist is 
the same as the Imperfect : as, (priixi^ Icpr^v. * 

The other Tenses are formed from the Present of the 
Barytons, regularly: as, (rrdu), anj^Wj effrvjxa. 

Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



Pres. 

Imper. 
Fut. 1. 
Aor. 1. 
Perf. 
Pluper. 
Aor. 2. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


Part. 


't(TT-7]fM -) 
(7T-7J(TOJ 

e(TT-7jxa 1 

kar-7]xetv J 
e(7T-riV 


aOi 

7J(T0V 

Tjxe 


aiTjv 

rj(TOiJ!lC 
lj(TaCJJLC 

yjxotpLt 
aifjv 


7J(7W 
TJXO) 
W 


dvai 

7] a at 

rjxivai 

Tjvat 


TJffOJV 

Tjffaq 
rjxibq 


Pres. 

Imper. 
Fut. 1. 
Aor. 1. 
Perf. 
Pluper. 
Aor. 2. 


Tid-7jflC 

eO-7jxa 
riO'Stxa 
heOeixsiv . 


eix£ 


eifjv 

TJffOt/li 

ecxoi/xi 

eifjv 


CO 

eixo) 

0) 


ivai 

7J(T£IV 

ecxivat 
eJvat 


ijffOJV 

eixcbq 


Pres. 
Imper. 
Fut. 1. 
Aor. 1. 
Perf. 
Pluper. 
Aor. 2. 


did(6/xc 
edtd-wv 

d(0-(7C0 

edoj-xa 
did-(oxa 1 
idsd&xeiv 
'id-ojv 


Odi 

ajx£ 


oifjv 
(baoifxi 

(hxoiixi 
oirjv 


w 
(hxu) 

(JD 


oval 
(I)(jeiv 

loxivai 
oovai 


oh^ 
0)60)V 

o)X(bq 
obq. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



61 



Ul 




o 




l-H 




hH 


HH 






Q3 B O tri 






g 




B 


§ 








O H 




^ 




^ 






. Pres. 

Perfec 
fin. 1. 
irt. Prei 




5^ t? 




3 




CD 


M 
02 






to r^a cf : 




c^ . 




pa 










• c> 














• 






•^ 1— I 




t"',^^^^^^ 


r^ 


J^ 


^ 




r— >^ 






^ fo-, 0» -i 


f^^ 


f*)-. 0» "S ^ 


o* 


H 


J^^ 


a>^ frv, ♦^ 


0» H !;5 






^ » ^ ?- ^ 


C| 


H ?» ^ ? 






c^ 


'^C ♦>> c^ 






^ 


S; 


Qi 


H 


o. r<. r4 


Ta ■? 






1 toft S S 

o * ^ 


1' 

ft 


ft =:> 2 ft 

J" 111' 










Ill 


^ 




"0 ;i -are*^^ 


-ft« 


55 O J^ ft 

^S o c 5 






^ 


§ i § 

s <=> s 


Hi 


5§ 




t*S t 




?r 


o 


o 


o 


o o o 


o o 


*^ 




H f 




9 


•-< 


•-J 


^ 

S 


•-S »-< •-< 

S s s 


•1 •-< 




^ • fcO 






c 


c 


c c 








• 




to 


















ft 


O o> ft 

^333 


1 


1 


1 


^ 2 ft 

2 3 2 


H a 5 
a s a 




t 





•?' 














Ul 


1- 


^ <^ J5 ft 

ci> <^ ^ 








C»> O O) 

<55 S:> «5i 

o 2 o 

xc ^ x: 


Iff 






•R S" 




o. 












^ 


<l 


5 o. 
















O 




p, ^ o o> ft 

lf III 




01 


ft 


O O) ft 

^ ^ (^ 

O ^ :i 


§ S § 


2^ 




•" % § 


« 

^ 


x: O o O 
• v: >^ xc 


\; 


>c 


M 


x: 'c $ 


x: x: \c 






ft' 


§' 


O «>» ft 

^" 9l 5' 

v: ^ « 


r 


1 

x: 


ft. 

1 


C. ox ft, 
i:i> <^ c;^ 


O 0) ft 

?> ^ ^ 

o o o 

xr x: ^ 






i-i- 


? 


O (t, ft 

•s^ -^^ -s^ 








0) <*) o> 


fft 


ft ft 




O) O) o> 

C^ -^i <5> 
ft ft ft 








<^ s> ^ 
ft ft ft 


?§^? 


^ 






ftl 


C 0) ft 


;^ 


O) 


ft 


5 !!:^ ^ 


O «*) ft 


S' 




1 


5 '^ 5 

^ s^ ^ 

fi) 0) O) 






1 


<=^ 2k c\ 

^ ^ <^ 

f») Oi p) 


^ Ci Ci 


i. 




ii 


2 


^ O) ft 

^ ? V 

-1 -1 '1 

C (5 O 


r 


1 


ft. 

1 


1 5 § 
3 2 3 


! ^ - 

;} 'i H 

ft ft ft 












1 


1 













62 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



f 

Pres. 

Imper. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Optat. 


Sub. 


Infin. 


Part. 


l(jT-diirjv j 


aao 


aifx-qv 


dtxat 


affdat 


diievoq 


Perf. 

Pluper. 


tdT-dllTiV J 


aao 


aiiirjv 


ajfiai 


daOai 


atiivoq 


P.-p. F. 


t(jrd(T-ofiai 




oiixr^'j 




taOai 


6/ieyoq 


Aor. 1. 


i(TT'd67]y 


dOrin 


aOeir^'^ 


add) 


adr^jai 


adeiq 


Put. 1. 


(TTadrj(T-(>fj.at 




oiixTiv 




effdat 


6riv>oq 


Pres. 
Imper. 


Tid-e/iac 
ircO-efjLTjv 


ctTO 


eiiiTiv 


ajfxaL 


effdat 


i[xe'Mtq\ 


Perf. 








_ 






Pluper. 


tKTO 


eifj.ri>> 


ajfiai 


elffOat 


£C/j.ivoq 


P.-p. F. 


Zz:dzi(7-oiicU 




oi'irjV 




£(7dai 


Oflt'-XK^ 


Aor. 1. 


h-iOrf^ 


eOr)Tc 


eOeir^v 


edo) 


eOrjvat 


eOeiq 


Fut. 1. 


TzOrjfT-otj.ac 




oiflTiV 




EaOai 


o/isi^oq 


Pres. 


did-ofiac ] 










Imper. 


edtd-6!j.rf> J 


0(70 


oiixrf>> 


wiiai 


oadai 


ofievoq 


Perf. 


did-otiat 1 






^ 


, 


^ 


Pluper. 


0(70 


oifirf^f 


d)[iai 


oaOai 


6tie>itq 


P.-p. F. 


deS6(T-ofj.ai 




oiiJ.riv 




eaOai 


6/j.S>o:; 


Aor. 1. 


kd-oOriv 


oOr^Ti 


oOeiriV 


oOa> 


oOTf^ai 


oOe]^ 


Fut. 1. 


dodyj(T-ofiaL 




oiiiTiV 




e(TOai 


6fis-^o' 



Formation of the Tenses. 



The Present 

Is formed from the Present Active, by changing [it into 
fiai, and the long penultimate Yowel into its correspondent 
short one : 2iS,l(TTrjfxc/i(TTafxaCj riO-qtxt^Tidejxai] except «i;,aa«, 
and some others. 

Tlie Imj^erfect 

Is formed from the Present, by changing ixai into /x^j^, and 
prefixing the x\ugment : as, riOeiiaij htOijxrjv. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



63 



The other Tenses are formed after the manner of the 
Barytons : the Perfect has the penultimate short, except 
rideifxaty poetically ; which, however, is made short in the 
Ist Aorist, hiOrjv, 



MIDDLE VOICE. 

Ind. Aor. 2. — 1. i(TT'dfx7jv, -atro or -a>, &c., as l(ndfX7jv. 
2. i6-iji7jVf '£(To or -ouj &c., as izidifirjv. 3. id-SfiTjUy -offo or 
'00 y as i.dcd6/j.rjv. 

Imperat. Aor. 2. — 1. (TTdcro, as UTaao. 2. di<To or Ooiby 
as TtOeiTo. 3. SoiTo or douy as didoao. 

Opt. Aor. 2. — 1. (JTaiiirjv, as {(naifxrjv. 2. dsifxrjVy as TC- 
Oet/JLTjv. 3. doi[xr}Vy as didoifxrjv. 

So in Sub. Aor. 2. — 1. (Trwjiat. 2. Owpiac. 3. dw/xaij &c. 



Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 
(The Present and Imperfect are the same as the Passive.) 



Fut. 1. 
Aor. 1. 

Aor. 2. 



Indie. 



(JT'TjffOliai 

iffT'YjffdfXTjV 

i(TT-dfJL7j\^ 



Imp. 



d(TO 



Optat. 



rj(ToijirjW 



Sub. 



rjawfxai 
wfiat 



Infin. 



dadai 



Part. 



TjCOfitvoq 
fjffdiievoq 
djievoq 



Put. 1. 
Aor. 1. 
Aor. 2. 



0'TJ(TOfJLat I 7)(T0tlJ.7jV 

i6-r)xdixrjWy not used farther. 
id'i/jLTjv \i(TO \etfjL7jv \a)fiai 



rj(Te(T0at 



-qaofxtvoq 



i(T0at ifxevoq 



Put. 1. 
Aor. 1. 
Aor. 2. 



d'(6(To/j.at 1 \oj(To{fj.rjv \ 

ed'WxdfjLrjVf not used farther. 



(ixTtaOai (jj(j6iie\>0(; 



6(70 at 



dfievoq 



^The Second Aor ist 
Is formed from the Imperfect, by omitting the Redupli- 
cation: as, hi6ifX7]Vy iOifirjv, 



H 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Verbs in u/xt 

Are formed from Verbs in uco, by changing w into fit : aS; 
deixvoiit from Seix^uoj • f^ibyvoixi from ^euyuuw. 

Verbs in ufxt have neither Reduplication, nor Optative, 
or Subjunctive Mood; and when they have a 2d Aorist, 
it is the same as the Imperfect. 



ACTIVE VOICE. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 



S. (^eoyv-o/xt, -t>^, 

D. -OTOV; 

P. Z^uyV'Ofxsv^ -L»Te, 

Imperfect 

S. ^Zeoyi^'Uy, -uq, 

D. -UTOV, 

P. iZeu/V'Ofxev^ -yre, 









D. 
P. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Present 

^euyV'Udi) -6r«u. 

^tuyV'UToVy ^urwv 



INFINITIVE. 

Present, 



PARTICIPLE. 

Present 
N. ZevyV'hqy -uca^ -bv. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



65 



PASSIVE VOICE. 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 



S. Ce6;^v- 


jfxat, 


-o<Tat, 


-oral. 


D. ^euyv- 


ufisdoVj 


-ucrOoi^, 


-vadov. 


P. ^euyu-ufjieOaj 


-o(TOe, 


'Vvrai, 






Imjperfect. 




S. i^euyv 


-d/lYjV, 


'0(70 J 


'VTO, 


D. i^eoyv 


'bjieOoVj 


'OffdoVy 


'0(T6rj\f. 


P. iZeoy, 


'bfieday 


-0(t6£, 


'UVTO. 




IMPERATIVE MOOD. 






Present. 




S. 




^£UyV-U(TOj 


'V(70w. 


D. 




Zebyv-Offdovj 


'Oada)\>, 


P. 
[NFINITIV 


E. 


(^euyv'ucds^ 


-vadioaav, 
PARTICIPLE. 


Present. 






Present. 


^euyv-uffOat. 






ZeuyV'Ufxeu-o^y -7)^ -ov 



Conjugation through the Moods and Tenses. 



^''- jimp. 
( Imp. 


Indie. 


Imp. 


Infin. 


Part. 


^euyv'Ufxt 1 
i^euyv-uw J 
^euyv-ufiat 1 
i!^£uyv-ujjLr)v j 


'U0C 
-U<TO 


-uvat 
'OaOai 


'blxBVoq. 



Of Irregular Verbs in [it. ""^ 

There are three Conjugations of Irregular Verbs in fii, 
each of which contains three Verbs. 



b GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

From eo) are derived, 

1. eifiij to he; elfit and fy}fj.t, to go. 

2. liyjfJLtj to send ; ijfiatj to sit; elfiai, to clothe one^s self. 

3. xeTifxatj to lie down ; '{(rrjfxtj to know ; (prifxij to say. 

First Conjugation. 

Elii\ to he J and elfxi, to go^ have been conjugated before^ 
-pages, 39 and 41. 







''Irjfxt, to go. 








INDICATIVE MOOD. 








JPresent. 




s. 


"IrifA, 


CT]^, 


trjfft. 


D. 




hrovj 


ferov. 


P. 


hfxev, 


hTe, 
Imperfect. 


lelfTi. 


P. 




OPTATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 


h<Tay. 


S. 






lecTj. 


INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE, 


Present. 




Present 


ievat. 


" 


ie\<;y hvToq. 





GREEK RUDIMENTS. 






MIDDLE VOICE 






INDICATIVE MOOD. 






Present. 






S. h-[iai, 


'(Taiy 




-Tat. 


D. lifiedov, 


-(tOovj 




'(Tdov. 


P. iifieda, 


Imperfect. 




'vrai. 


S. li'fxrjVj 


'(TOj 




-TO. 


D. li-iiedo^^, 


-adovj 




'(Tdrjv. 


P. li-iieda, 


-£(T0ej 




-VTO. 


MPERATIVE 




PARTICIPLE. 


Present. 






Present. 


h(To, Had CO. 




ii/iev-ogj -7y, -ov. 



67 



D. 

P. hfiev, 



"IfjiJLij to send. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 



Imperfect. 



s. ?,., 


"irj<;y 


D. 


"terovj 


P. 7efiev, 


"sTSj 




First Future, 


S. {^a-to, 


-et<;, 


D. 


-erov, 



P. ^<r-o/ctev^ 



-ere, 



hov. 



"e<jav. 



-e(. 

-erov. 

-otxre. 



First Aortst. 

S. r>, 
D. — 



P. £/^£V, 



s. 

D. 
P. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

Perfect. 
elxa. 

Second Aorist. 

rt 

ere, 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 



First Aorist, 



S. 
D. 
P. 






Second Aorist. 

ire. 



Pluperfect 

elxetv, - 






lerio. 

HeTwv. 

Perfect. 
elxe. 






S. hi-riv, 
D. 

P. Ut-TjflSVj 



OPTATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 

-TjTOV, 



First Future. 

S. €(-9JV, 

D. 

P. t^fxevy 



Second Aorist. 



Perfect 
eUxotjuLi. 






GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



69t 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 





Pres67i^ 






S. la, 


^»^, 




fs- 


D. 


IrjTOVj 




l^rov. 


P. iw/JLev, 


Perfect 




IdtJt. 


S. eh-<o, 


'V^i 




-3?- 


D. 


'7JT0V, 




'TjTOV, 


P. s7x-lOfl€Vf 


.^re, 




'W(Tt, 




Second Aorist, 




S. 5, 


h^. 




I 


D. 


JJTOV, 




flTOV, 


P. WfXTjV^ 


fjre, 




w<ri. 


INFINITIVE MOOD. 




Present 




First Future, 


Fevac. 






7J(TeiV, 


Perfect, 




Second Aorist 


tlxiuat. 






ehat. 




PARTICIPLES. 




Present, 




First Future, 


fefe, hXffay Uv, 




rj(T(DV, 


ijffooffay fj<rov. 


Perfect 




Second Aorist 


h<;) elxula^ elxdg. 




ICE. 


, €T<ra, iv. 




PASSIVE VO 




INDICATIVE ] 


MOOD. 






Present, 






S. 7e'fiatf 


-(Tat, 




-rat. 


D. -fitdovy 


-<r6oVy 




"(tOov, 


P. ./X£^«; 


-<r^e, 




'Vrat, 



70 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Imperfect. 



S. li-ix-^v, 


'(TO, 


-TO. 


D. 'fxedovj 


'CdoVy 


-(T07JV, 


P. 'fxeda, 


Perfect. 


-VTO. 


S. eH'jiat, 


-aaiy 


-rat. 


D. 'fX£0OV, 


-aOoVy 


-ffdov. 


P. -fxeOa, 


'(Tde, 
Pluperfect. 


'Vrat. 


S. et-pL7JVj 


'(TOj 


'TO. 


D. -fisdou. 


-adovy 


'(Tdrjy. 


p. 'fieOa, 


'(Tdej 


-VTO. 


P.-p. Future. 


First Aorist 


First Future. 


ehofxat. 


i6rjv and e"^w. 


idijffofxat. 



MIDDLE VOICE. 

Present and Imperfect are like the Passive. 

First Aorist. 

-aro. 

'Oyro. 



-erat. 

'£<t6ov. 

'Oyrat. 



S. TjX'dfJLTjV, 


-Ol, 


D. 'dfitOoVy 


-acOoVy 


P. 'dfi^day 


-acOey 




First Future. 


S. ij<T'0/xaiy 


-riy 


J). 'OfieOoVy 


'£<Tdoyj 


P. '0 lied a, 


-eaOsj 




Second Aorist. 


S. ^/x^v, 


'i<TO, 


D. ^fl^OV, 


'icOoVy 


P. 'iixtOay 


'idOe, 



'iro. 
hro. 



s. 

D. 
P. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Second Aorist, 

£(70, 

eaOoVj . 
i(76e, 



i(70W(7aV, 



71 



OPTATIVE MOOD. 







First Future. 




s. 


^<rot-fx7jVf 


'0, 


'TO, 


D. 


'fxeOoVj 


-ffdov, 


-aO-qv. 


P. 


-IxeOa, 


Second Aorist, 


"Vro. 


S. 


el-fi7)Vj 


'0, 


-TO. 


D. 


-fieOoVj 


-(t6ou, 


-ffdrjv. 


P. 


'fxeOa, 


'ffOSy 


'VTO. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Second Aorist. 
S. wfxat, §, 

D. (otxedovj ^ffdov, 

P. &fxeOaj ij(T0e, 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 



f^ffOov, 



First Future. 



Second Aorist. 
iffdat. 



PARTICIPLES. 

First Future. Second Aorist, 

i)<T6fxevo<;, '7jy 'Ov. ifxev'O^y -7), -ou. 



72 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 





^Hfxatj to sit. 






INDICATIVE MOOD. 






Present. 






S. 'H^ai, 


^(Tai. 




^rai. 


D. TjixeOoVy 


^ffdOVy 




^(tOov, 


P. ^fxeOa, 


ij(T0Sy 

Imperfect, 




^vrai 


S. r^firiv, 


^(TO, 




^TO. 


D. riij.e6ov, 


^ffOo'^f 




^(TdTjV. 


P. ^ixeda, 


^(T0£, 




^VTO, 


IMPERATIVE MOOD. 






Present, 






S. 


ri(To, 




r^ffdo). 


D. 


riaOoVj 




fiadwv. 


P. 


i](T6e, 




riaOwaav, 


INFINITIVE. 




PARTICIPLE. 


Present, 






Present. 


^(Tdai. 




y][xev'0q, -7), 'Ov. 



Elfiat, to clothe one's self, 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present and Perfect. 
S. E\-fxai» -(jaij -rat and -arat. 

P. ^hzat. 

Pluperfect. 
P. dixriVy elffo and ^<ro, elroy e\(TTOj hffzo and i(rro. 



KJ. 


Ptrst Aorist. 


ClVl u» 


s. 


el(T-i(T(7-& ist(T-dfji7jVy 'Wy 


-avo. 


D. 


-d[i£:OoVy -aaOoVy 


'dadrjv. 


P. 


'dixeOay -affOe^ 


-ayro. 



GEEEK RUDIMENTS. 

PARTICIPLES. 



T8 



Present and Perfect 




First Aorist 


slfxivoq. 




iff(TdfjLewo<;, 


Kelfxat, to lie down. 




INDICATIVE MOOD. 






Present, 




S. Kel'fxaij 


'(jaiy 


'Tat, 


D. 'fisdov, 


-aOoVy 


-(tOov. 


P. .//e^a, 


Imperfect 


'Vrat. 


S. ixe{-fi7jVj 


-COj 


'TO. 


D. -fiedovj 


-adov, 


'(tOt^v, 


P. -fieda, 


First Future, 


'VTO. 


S. xetiT'Oiiaty 


'Dj 


'BTat. 


D. '6fisOo\>j 


'£(T0O)/f 


'e(j6ov. 


P. 'dfxtda, 


-effOey 


'OWTat: 


IMPERATIVE MOOD. 






Present 




S. 


xeJtTOf 


X£ 1(76 Of, 


D. 


xsTffdoVf 


xsiffOwu. 


P. 


xeT(T0e, 


xeiffOioaav, 


OPTATIVE MOOD. 




- 


Prese7it. 




S. XeOl'fJLTJVf 


'0, 


'TO, 


D. 'fxtOoVj 


-ffdoVj 


-adiiv. 


p. ^fxeda, 


-ffde, 


'VTO, 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 
Present. pi^t Aorist. 

r 



74 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



INFINITIVE. 

Present, 
xeX<TOat» 



PARTICIPLE. 

Present. 



''1(77) fit J to know. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 



S. ^'I(7-7jfIlj 

D. 



-^<^; 



P. -oc/>t£i^ and fie'^j -are and ts. 



D. 



P. 



S. 
D. 
P. 



-afievj 



Imperfect, 
-are, - 



'r)<n. 
-aro 
•aai. 



-drrjv. 

-aawj and av. 



INFINITIVE. 

Present, 
ladvat. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 
-la-aOi and -Oi^ -dra) and rco. 
-arov and -rov, -drajv and -rtz^v. 
-6CT£ and re J -draxjavj nixjav^ and rov. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Present. 



MIDDLE VOICE. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 

S. Xaa-ixaiy -aatj -rat. 

D. -[xzdovj '(Tdou, -(jQov. 

P. 'fiedaj -ffdsj -vrai. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



75 



Imperfect. 



S. i(Td-fJLrjVy 


-(70, 




-TO. 


D. -fxeOoVf 


-<r^ov, 




'(tOtjv. 


P. 'fieda, 


-<r(?e, 




'VTO, 


INFINITIVE. 




PARTICIPLE. 


Present 






Present 


t(Ta(Tdat, 




i(Tdfj 


Lev-0<r, "7]) -ov 




^rjfi)^ to say. 






INDICATIVE MOOD. 






Present, 






S. ^yjfx)j 


<P^'^j 




<pri<TL 


D. 


(farbv^ 




^parov. 


P. (pafxhy 


Imperfect, 




(faai. 


S. eV^v, 


■^^; 




-'?• 


D. 


-arovy 




-c^tTyv. 


P. -afievy 


.«Te, 




-acwif and -av. 




First Future. 






S. <pT](J-Wy 


'^^?y 




-ef. 


D. 


•erov, 




-erov. 


P. -o/ioyv, 


-ere, 
First Aorist, 




-OOCl, 


S. €^7}<T-ay 


-«c, 




-e. 


D. 


-CtTOV, 




-fl^Tiyv. 


p. -afievj 


-are, 
Second Aorist. 




-av. 


S. e^-iyv, 


''^^j 




-'?• 


D. 


'TjTOVj 




-^'njv. 


P. -35/xev, 


•7)Te, 




-7?<rav. 



n 



GRREK RUDIMENTS. 



s. 

D. 
P. 



S. ipai-^Vy 
D. 

\ '/lev, 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

JPresent 

(fdrovy 
(pdre, 

OPTATIVE MOOD. 

Present 
''^^) 

'7JT0V, 

'Tire, 



S. ^7J<7-aifii, 
D. 

p. -aifxeVf 



First Aorist. 



ipdro), 

(paTiov, 

(pdraxrav. 






-at. 

-atTTjV, 

-aiev. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present 



S. ^Wf 

D. 

P. ^wfxev, 

INFINITIVE. 

Present. 
ipdvai. 

First Aorist. 

Second Aorist 
tpr^vat. 



n^^ 


n- 


^r^TOVj 


fprjTOV, 


^TJTCj 


<pw(n. 




PARTICIPLE. 




Present. 




<pd.qy<pa<Taj tpdv. 


\ 


First Future, 




^TJ(T(OV. 




First Aorist. 




^ij(Ta(;. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

PASSIVE VOICE. 



77 



INDICATIVE. 

Perfect. 
-Kicpazat. 

INFINITIVE. 



IMPERATIVE. 

Perfect. 
Tztipdadio, 

PARTICIPLE. 

Titipaaiiiv-oZy rjy ov. 



MIDDLE VOICE. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 



S. (pa-pMUj 


-aatj 


-rat. 


D. 'p.edov, 


-adov^ 


'(T6o\f. 


P. 'fxeda, 


-ade, 


'Vrat. 



Irtiperfect and Second Aorist. 

S. i(p6.-llt]'>j '(TOy -TO. 

D. -fieOo'^y 'GOoVj 'COriv. 

P. 'fxeda, -dffOsj 'Vto. 



s. 

D. 
P. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD 

Present, 
ipd<s-Oy 



INFINITIVE. 
Present, 



-^e. 



'6(0, 

'dit)v. 



PARTICIPLE. 

Present, 
^dfxevogj -tj, -ov. 



7* 



78 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

Of Verbs in gaid. 

Verbs in a-AU) resemble Verbs in /xi, and, like them, are 
derived from Verbs in aw^ ew^ oco, and ucu^ by placing <rx 
before cuj which they preserve only in the Present and Im- 
perfect. 

The other Tenses are formed from their Primitives. 

ry]pd(T'Aw, yepdaiVj yeyyjpaxa, to grow old; from yripdio. 

^Api(Txa)j dpiffiOy rjpexa, to please ; from dpioj. 

B6(jAU)^ ^6(ja), l^i(^o'Aaj to feed ; from /9oa>. 

Medoff'AO), p.ed6(TcOj fie/iiOoxa, to make drunk ; from fieObw, 

Many Verbs in (jxco, like Verbs in fit, prefix a Eeduplica- 
tion : as, dcdpdffxoj, to ruriy from dpdw, dtdofrxwy to dress, 
from duw ) Tuizpdaxo), to sell, from Tipdn). 

Verbs in axo), which have a Second Aorist, borrow it 
from the kindred Verbs in ixi\ as, dliaxo), Aor. 2. r\Xo)v) 
l^pojaxu), Aor. 2. l^poyv) ytvaxyxa), Aor. 2. eyvojv, as if from 
dXcb/uLCj jSpw/ic, yvojfxt. 

Of Impersonal Verbs. 

Impersonal Verbs have only the Third Person Singular 
of each Tense, and, in Participles, only the Neuter Gen- 
der : they have commonly the sign it, before them in Eng- 
lish : as, 

JeT, it hehooveth; Imperf. idet: 1st Aor. idi7j(Te^, 1st Fut. 
^£7J(Tec'^ Optat. Pres. diot; Infin. SeTv, derjaelv, der^aat) Part. 
diov, Se-qcTov, dsTjffdv. 

JoxsT, it seemeth; Imperf. iddxec ; 1st Fut. do^et ; 1st Aor. 
edo^e j Part, doxodv. 

Ilpiizei, it becometh; Imperf. inpiTcet; Infin. np^neXv, 
Part. 7:pi7zov. 

^AvTJxei, it is proper; Imperf. dvrjxe'. Part. dvTJxov. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 79 

Tlpoaijxetj it is convenient ; Imperf. nporri^xe ; Part. 

7rpO(T7JXO'>. 

MiXeCj it is minded; Imperf. £fjLe?.£ ; 1st Aor. i/iiXi^ae ; 
1st Fut. iieX7]<jei. 

Xpyjj for XP^i^h ^^ hehooveth; Imperf. i^P^t^ ^^ XP^i^) 
1st Fut. XP^^^^ } Infin. XPV'^^^ or XP^^- 

Many Verbs^ in the Passive Voice; are taken imper- 
sonally : as^ Xiyeratj it is reported ; dp.apTai^ it is decreed ; 
e'lpfjraiy it has been saidj &c. 

Irregular Verbs. 

A. 

Aipiojy to take; alp'/jtrajj fjprjxa'^ (£7<^) elXov^ sUo/jltjVj iXw^ 
iXoufiatj eUdfiTj'^. 

AlaOdvoiiat^ to perceive; (al(jOiu)) alaOridoiiai^ f^aOrnxatj 
■^(rOoiiTfj. 

^AXicFxojj to take; (aXoco) aXdjau)^ -aoiiai^ y\Xu)aa^ fjXwxa and 
idXcoxay rp^ojfxatj fjXojUy and idkwv. 

^AfiapTdvo)^ to sin ; (afiaprioj) d/iaprijdafj -<7o/.ta:, rjiidprrjcay 
-xaj -ixatj rjjLtapro^y poet. rjfxiSporvv. 

B. 

Bai/w^ to go; (^^daj) ^ijcFO/JiaCj e^rj(jaj i(^riadixr^Vy ^il^rjxay 
'fiat ) {^Yiiii) e^7)v. 

BdXXiOj to cast ; ^aXaJj e^aXov ; (^^Xico) ^Xij^cUj ^ijSXrjxaj -fxaty 
i^XijOrjPy ^Xrj67J(jOiJ.at. 

r. 

Fivo/xai, ytyyofjLatj to he; (jeviai) yev7J(T0/j.at, iyevTjffdjirjv, ye- 
yivrjiiaiy iye'^rjOrjv, i:yeu6/j.rjv, yiyoua. 

Fivoxyxa)^ yiyvwaxcj^ to know ; {jvoio) yvwffo)^ -ofiat^ eyvcoxa^ 
'(TfJLat, tyi^dxrdrjVj yvwad-jaoiiai ) (jv(i)[it) eyywv. 

J. 

AdxviOy to bite; (dijxw^ ^tJ^oj, -o/iatj edrj^aj diSrjxaj -yixat^ 
^dijXOrjVy edaxow. 



80 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

E. 

^' Epxofiat^ to come; (J^Xeodai) kXebaofiat^ r}Xeo(Taj ijXoOovj by 
Sync. Tjldov^ ^Xoda, and iXTjXuOa, 

Ebpi(jxa)^ to find] (^eupeo)^ e6prjffa)ye6pi^(Tdp.rjVy£up7}xa,'pLaty 
evpiOrjv, eiopeO-qtrofiai^ evpov^ eopSiirjv. 

^''E)(a)j to have; 'i^o)^ {(^X^^^ (Txyj(Tojj -o/iaij ed^ri^oLy -fiaij 
iaxiO'ijV^ (7yedy)(joiiatj efT^oVj iaxop^r^'^] ((ryrffit) 2 Aor. Imp. 

6 
ST/jGxajy to die; dvij^aj ^ (Ovduj) ridvfjxa^ TiOvaa, ridv^txay 
and riOveta.y reOvecogj -(baa^ -wxoq) (dyjvu)) edavov^ davov^xai. 

I. 

' Ix^Aofiaty to come; (^Uw) -^ofxaij t^dfj.rjVj lyfiat^ ixofiTjvy 

A. 

Aayxdvo)^ to ohtai.n hy lot; (Xrjyco) XijS(Oj -o/xatj XiXrjyaj 
Att. efXrjya, -yjiaCj eXayoVj XiXoyya. 

Aa/il3dya>y to receive; (XtjiSw) X.ri(po(j.ai^ XiXricpaj Att. ^LXr^cpa^ 
XiXfjiiimtj Att. ziXyip.imi^ ^Xrjcpdriv^ Att. dXy](f6riVj Xrj(pOijc>ofxaty 
eXajSoVy eXa/So/jLTjv. 

AavOdvojy to lie hid ; (XyjOai) Xyjaoj^ -ofxaty XiXr^aixaiy and Xi- 
Xafffxaiy iXijffOTjVy eXaOoVy iXaOofrqVy XiX-qOa. 

M. 

MavddviDy to learn ; (^fiadioi) fiadrjaofiaiy tiiaOfjadixr^Vy fxeiia- 
Oi^xay tfxadov. 

Mt/j.vrj(Txajy to rememher ; (^(xvdu)) [i\>ij<To)j -ofiaiy eixv'q(Tay 
ifxvTjffdfjLTjVy fxifivr^fxat, jute /j.y7J(T0 fiat y ifivijffOTjv, {ivr^cOijffOfiat. 

0. 

^^OXXup.1 or SXXuiOy to destroy ; (^dXiw) 3Xi(r(Oj SXe^ay SXexa^ 
Att. dXwXexay wXe/iaiy ihXiaOr^Vy atXoVy SXaJy (bXd/ir^Vy dXavfiaty 
wXay Ait. oXwXa. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 81 

U. 

IId(j)^(Dj to suffer ; (TirjOai) TzrjffojLLai, Boeot. TztiffOfiat, l-r^Ga^ 
enadov, Ttinrjda'j (jzadio)) Tradrjffojj inddrjffay Tze-Kddrjxa) (jzi'^Ooj) 
Tzinovda, 

Iliva) and -Kwiitj to drink ; (noai) -koxtw, Tziizoixa^ -fJ-f^h and 
Tzinoiiatj l-Kodfjv] (ntcu') Ttco/iaij 7:i<To/xatj enioVj Tzioujiatj (jzXiit) 

niTzrojj to fall; (jtroo)) TZTOXTio^ ninTioxaj nenTew^j TrenTTjw^j 

T. 

TixTiOy to bring forth; (rixai) Ti^o), -o/iatj hi^^TjV) eVexov, 
hexofiTjVj Tiroxa. 

Tpi;(a), to run; dpi^Wj (dpafiiai) dedpdfxrjxa^ -J^^^p (Spi/iaj^ 
edpapLO'^, dpafjLOv/Jiaij didpofiat. 

Tuy/dvco, to Jiajppen; (jo/iio) to^tj^to), ho^r^ffa^ T£Tu^r]xa'y 
(reu^w^ reu^ofiaty ziTeu^aj riroy/j.aCj zeTO^OfxaCj irv^^Or^Vy 
ezo^ov, 

(^ipcoj to hear; (olai) offfco, of(TOfxatj oftrOrjVj of(70r](TOfxat } 
(kviyxoj) rjveyxaj rjveyxdiiriVy TJvd^^Or^Vj ijveyxovj 7J^eyx6/j.rjv • 
(^^vixo)^ rjvetxaj rj\^£txdfjL7]Vj rjveixov ] (^ivi^oj) ivTJvo^a'^ ((fopiai) 
(popy^ao)^ k<p6pr^(jaj izecpoprjiim, 

ADVERBS. 

Those which require particular notice, as distinguished 
from the Latin, are the following : signifying 

In a placey ending in 6a, 0c, xTIj X^^j ^h ^^^ ^^ • ^s, ^v- 
raddaj obpavoOt, Tzavra^rj, and TzdvTa^oo, nedol, oixol. 

Motion from a place, in Oe and ^ev : as, oupavoOe and ob- 
pavSOev. 

Motion to a place, in de, Ce, ae, and <n : as, obpavovde and 
obpavoce, ^a/xd^e. 



82 greek rudiments. 

Adverbial Particles, 
Used only in composition, a or av, signifying 

Privation^ from aWt>, without: as, w^odpoq^ without water. 
Increase, from ayav, much: as, a^oXoq, much wooded. 
Union, from aixa, fx)gether : as, aXo^oq, a consort. 

The following signify increase: 

ape J from apw, to furnish. 
^00, from ^ouqj an ox. 
^piy from ^piOhq, strong, 
da, from datrhq, thick, 
eptj from el'puj, to connect. 
Ca, JEolice, for ^a. 
iia, from ^cav, much. 
Xi, the same. 

Aoq signifies dificulty : as, $o(jTuxi<o, to he unhappy. 

PREPOSITIONS. 

There are eighteen Prepositions : six Monosyllables : dq, 
h or i^, iv, Tzpd, Tzpoq, and <tuv : twelve Dissyllables : o/z^), 
iyd^ dyri, dnd, did, in), xard, fxerd, napd, nep), bnep, and ond. 

General Signification of Prepositions in 
Composition. 

^AfjL(p\, 1. about, around. 2. douht. 
'Avd, 1. again, hack. 2. upwards. 
'Avt), 1. opposition. 2. return, instead. 
And, 1. separation. 2. privation, away. 3. much. 
Aid, 1. through. 2. division. 
Eiq, in, to. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 83 

^Ex or e|, from, out of. 

'Evj in. 

^En\y 1. addition. 2. upon. 3. attack. 

Kara, 1. compUtion. 2. downwards. 3. opposition* 

Merdf 1. participation. 2. change. 

Uapdy 1. wear. 2. beyond. 3. comparison. 

Ileplj 1. about. 2. superiority. 

Ilpd, 1. before. 2. forwards. 

npdq, 1. motion towards. 2. conjunction, relation. 

Zov, together, with, 

'^Tirep, 1. ouer. 2. beyond. 3. ybr. 

Ttto, 1. under, from below. 2. diminution, 3. secretly. 



SYNTAX. 



THE NOMINATIVE AND VERB. 

A Neuter Plural is generally joined to a Verb Singular : 
as, actzpa (pavjtTo.i. 

A Dual Nominative is often found with a Verb Plural : 
avS, afiipoi Xiyooai) but not a Plural Nominative with a 
Dual Verb. 

the substantive and adjective. 

An Adjective of the Masculine Gender is sometimes 
construed with a Feminine Substantive : as, rb) yovalxs. 
This construction would appear intended to dignify the 
female sex : we meet in Euripides, in reference to Al- 
cestis, ol TzpoOvTJffxovreq 'j where she is introduced, using 
not only the Masculine Gender, but the Plural Number. 
The Masculine Article appears to be limited to the Dual 
Number. 

A Substantive is sometimes used as an Adjective: as, 
yXwaffavy EXXdda kdida^e. Thus in English, ^^sea water,'' &c. 

The Substantive is often changed into a Genitive Plural, 
preceded by a Pronoun or Article : as, of ayaOoi zwv dydpo)- 

TZIOV. 

THE RELATIVE AND ARTICLE. 

The Relative often agrees with its antecedent in case by 
attraction: as, kv raiq iopral^j alq rjyofirjv. The Relative, 
in this construction, sometimes precedes the Substantive : 
as, GOV fj e^ecq dovd/iet ; something like our English ^^ with 

what force you ha ve . ^ ' 

84 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 85 

The Article is poetically used for the Relative : as, Tzarijpy 
o d^ eTp^(pe, 

The Article and the Participle, used for the Relative and 
Verb, is a common idiom in Greek : as, 6 (puXdrrwvj he wJio 
guards; and should invariably be so translated. 

The Article is often used elliptically without a Substan- 
tive. First, in the Neuter Gender, signifying possession or 
relation: as, 6 Oeoq ra raiv avOpcbrzajv dioixeT ) God directs 
the affairs of meri. Secondly, in the Masculine, followed 
by d/i^). or 7:ep)j with a proper name, and signifying attend- 
antSj or the party : as, ol dii(p\ Upiafiov. Thirdly, in a pe- 
culiar mode of construction, before an Accusative and an 
Infinitive : as, to yaipeLv zolg p.t/i7Jfj.a(TC rrdwaqj GbtupOTov toT(; 
dvOpcoTiOLq l(TT\-y the circumstance, that all should delight in 
imitations^ is natural to men. So we have it repeatedly in 
the New Testament: as, b> rG) ehat aordv '^ i. e. h zw ypoy(p 
or T.pdyp.aTi^ and maybe translated, '^ while or when he icas.^' 

THE GENITIVE. 

The matter of which a thing is made, is put in the Geni- 
tive : as, Tov di<ppow enocy^ffev (ic) c(7yopaj'^ ^uXcov. Cost or 
vahie, crime or punishment, difference or eminence, are put 
in the Genitive : as, do^ abrdv ijprv^ (avrC) dpayjxriq' — ypdcpo- 
jiai ae (j^^p^C) xXotttj^, 

Part of time is expressed by the Genitive : as, (^int) 
dipouq re xal yet/icuvo^. 

Note. — The Prepositions, within the parentheses in the 
preceding examples, mean to signify what may be the latent 
government; this will be so understood in cases of future 
occurrence. 

Grief 2ind surprise require the Genitive: as, rijc; ficopCa^) 
what folly ! 

Comparatives are followed by a Genitive, when the 
8 



8G GREEK RUDIMENT8. 

Greek for than is suppressed : as, dvap^/^iaq fieVCov obx sarc 
xaxov. 

Verbs expressive of the actions of the senses^ except that 
of sightj require a Genitive : as, rwu fiaprupiov dxTjxoare. 

Words signifying plenty or want^ take the Genitive : as, 
TiXoufftog xaxcbv. 

The Latin Ablative Absolute is exprebsed in Greek by 
the Genitive : as, y^/uou ziXXovroq. 

These are phrases of peculiar construction : tzu'lv (^/lipoq) 
odaroq 'j to drlnh some ivater; analogous to the French 
^'bolre dc Veaii'^ itaxdpioq (^evexa) ry^q '^^X'O^y liappy hi 
fortune: (idpil-'aq (cx) jzodoq v^v • having seized him h}j the 
foot. Note the words presumed to be the latent govern- 
ment. 

THE DATIVE. 

The instrument and manner of an action are put in the 
Dative : as, dpyupiatq XoyyaKn pA'/^ou. 

Verbs signifying to accompany or follow^ to hlame^ con- 
verse ivith, pray to, and to use^ require the Dative : as, rw 
'^TJeq £7:ovTo. — Tohq rolq diiapravopivoiq eTztripaJvraq. 

Verbal Adjectives govern the Person in the Dative^ and 
the THING in the case proper to the kindred Verb : a^, 
vpXv rojjra izpaxriov. Thus, in Latin, we meet ^^ setaie 
utendum est.'' 

Y/ aoTogy the same^ requires the Dative : as, r^c adzTJc 
el(}i ^Tjfuaq aqun ol (TOYxpuTzrovreq roTq kqapaprdvoudi j those 
iiho concealy are deserving of the same punishment as those 
who commit a Jaxdt. So in Latin '' idem facit occidenti.'' 

HOR. 

THE ACCUSATIVE. 

Tlie Accusative is of universal use, with xard understood : 
as, deivbq pdyrjv. 

Verbs signifying to do or speaJc well or ill of to give or 
take aicayj to admonish^ to clothe j govern an Accusative of 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 87 

the person^ and another of the thing : as, tloXXo. ayada T-qv 
r.ohv Ir.oir^de. For the Accusative of the thing is frequently 
substituted the Adverbs eo^ xaxajq, xaXax;. 

Distance and space are put in the Accusative ; as^ "E(pe<joq 
OLTziyeL cltzo ^apdicDv Tpccu> ijiiepwv 6d6'^. 

VERBS PASSIVE. 

Verbs of a passive signification are followed by a Geni- 
tive, governed by {3-0, cltzo ^ ^x, napdy or irpoq : as, 6 vovq 
UTZo o^voo diafdeiperat. 

THE INFINITIVE. 

The Infinitive is used to express the cause or end of an 
action : as, riq Gcpioh ^o'^iy]xt iidye(jdai. 

When the subject of the Infinitive is the same as that of 
the governing Finite Verb, it is also in ihQ Nominative : as, 
EofoxXr^q ecfYj abroq iih^ owoq del, di^dpcojcouq nour^j Ebpi7cidri<; 
dsj dloi dfft J Sophocles saidj that he (Sophocles) made men 
such as they ought to he; Euripides^ such as they are. 
This Syntax we find imitated in Virgil : '^ sensit medios de- 
lapsus in hostesJ' 

Jhe Infinitive is used after the manner of Latin Gerunds 
and Supines, sometimes with, sometimes without, a Preposi- 
tion : as, xdXkiara IdeXv ] pidcherrima visu : h rw [laOeX'^ ) 
in discendo. This we find imitated in Latin : as, tempus 
equUm solvere colla; niveus videri, &c. 

Expressions of the form of ^' moriturus sum^' are exhi- 
bited in Greek by [liXXoj : as, fiiXXaj redvd^ac. Similar to 
this is the French '^Je dois mourirJ^ 

The Infinitive is often used in an Imperative sense, some 
such Verb as opa or fiifivr^ao being understood : as, fxrj avy' 
dOavdzoKn (idyedOat. 

The Infinitive appears in a somewhat absolute form in 
these expressions : wq dTzXchq slaatv ; to speak plainly ^ — an 



0» GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

idiom evidently familiar to our own language : as also^ 
wg etTzelv 'j so to speakj — a common English phrase; — ^oxeTv 
/io)j as it appears to me; where, perhaps, xard to may be 
supplied; — [xtxpoo or oXiyoo ^eTv; almost, nearly; literally^ 
so as to want little, axTze being understood. Sometimes, 
even the Infinitive Selw is omitted. 



THE PARTICIPLE. 

The Participle is often elegantly preceded by the Verbs 
eifiij ytvo/iat, <paivop.at, VTzdpy^o), e^oj, xupoj : as, oux i/Opog 
i)7r^/?/£v a)v ; he was not an enemy, 

Toyxdvw, joined with a Participle, may be translated, hy 
chance; Xavddvu), privately or ignorantly ) ipdw^oj , preciously ; 
in which phrases the Participle is to be translated as a Verb : 
thus, eTu;(ov iu rcD oixai a>v ; I teas in the house by chance ; 
literally, I happened being (or to be) in the house: kkdOofiev 
d(,a(pipovTeq) we unwittingly differed ; literally, we loere not 
aware differing, or that we differed. 

Ariloq, (favepdq, dcpavr^q, &c., are also used Adverbially 
with Participles : as, ambq robzo izoiibv (pavepoq ^v; he mani- 
festly did this. 

The Participle is used, instead of an Infinitive, after 
Verbs signifying to desist, persevere, perceive, show; or ex- 
pressing an affection of the mind: as, rijv dpyjvrjv ayovzeq 
diareXouat ; they continue to preserve peace : Oedv ou X-jj^o} 
7rpo(TTdT7)v %wv; I shall 7iot cease to have God for my de- 
fender: jj.ifjLV7](To a\^0pio7:o<; a>v; remember that you are a man. 

ADVERBS 

Are followed by the Genitive, Dative, or Accusative; 
either because they are originally Nouns, or because those 
cases are governed by a Preposition understood. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 89 

EXAMPLES OF THE FORMER. 

IIXr)\f ] rejection : ttXtjv ipLod ; excepting me. 
XdpLv] for the sahe: x^P^^ ''Exropoq] for the sake of 
Hector. 

Xa)p\q'y separation: x^P^^'^ '^^^ d^^SpaJ'^j without the men. 
Tod Jtoq ha)7ZLov] in the sight of Jupiter. 

EXAMPLES OF THE LATTER. 

A'^eo (ano) ovo/uLdrwWy without names. 

'' Afia {cihv) Xath) with the people. 

NaX fid (^-i) zode (jyS^Tzrpov] I swear hy this sceptre. 

Note. — Md general!}^ denies^ except joined with va); v^ 
affirms^ unless joined with a Negative. 

Adverbs of time are sometimes changed into Adjectives : 
as, 0^ ypr^ Tza'^vbx^-ov eodeiv ^ooXri(p6pov avdpa. 

Adverbs of quality are elegantly joined with the Verbs 
iyoy^ Tzdffx^^j Tzoieojj (pipco^ <pufitj xP^^f^^h ^^- • ^^; 

\Hdia)^ £^/e (^(Teaurov) Tzpoq aTzavraq ', he pleasant to all. 
Eo T.d(7x^v^y eo TTouTvj to receive a favour; to confer a 
favour. 

Two or more Negatives strengthen the negation ; as, 

Obx £(Tr:v ovdh ; there is nothing. 

OodiTTore ouoev ou fiij yivrjTat rwv deovrajv ) nothing WHAT- 
EVER, that is necessary, will he done, 

PREPOSITIONS. 

'Jvt), dr.d, ix or iS, and Tvpd, govern only the Genitive ; 
lif and (Tuv, only the Dative; and eiq or ^C; only the Ac- , 
cusative. 

8* 



90 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Through ; Gen. and Ace, as, dca x^tfxwvoq — did ttovtov. 

After j as, dtd fiaxpod ^po^ou. 

On account of; Ace. as, Sid ai. 



Under; 
Through ; 
Against ; 
According to; 
In; 



Kara, 
Gen. as, ddvat xazd r^c y^q. 

as, xard arparoo. 

as, xard TTjq Tzoleioq. 

yov C^v. 

as, iZ,i(jdr^'^ xard xXtafxobq, 



Ace. as, xard Xoy 



Tnip. 
Above; Gen. as, vTtkp yr^q etyri. 

For; as, dv7J<Txaj br.kp (ridev. 

Over; Ace. as, vr^kp zbv doiiov. 
Beyond ; as, dvvafuq b-nkp w^dpcj-Kov. 

'Avd. 
Upon ; Dat. as, eudet dm (TxrjTirpo) Aloq ahroq. 

Through ; Ace. as, dvd 6prj. 

^AiKfi. 

On account of; Gen. as, rudaxoq afupi fid-)^e<rOov. 

About; Gen., Dat., and Ace. as, dii(p\ iidhoq olxooat. — dii<p\ 

awfiart. — dij.<fi Tpoiav. 
Concerning; Gen. as, <pdfx£u dixipi daqioMoyv xaXd. 

On account of; Dat. as, dfi(pi yuvatx), -izda^/etv. 



'Era. 

Upon; Gen. as, iizi dpdvoo ixaOi^ero. 

On account of; Dat, as, oux tan (70(poh i-ri roTq 7:poy6\fotq 
tiiya (fpovr^ffat. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



91 



Upon; 
Near; 
To; 
On; 



With; 
Among ; 
To; 
After ; 

From; 

At; 
Near; 
To; 

Above ; 
Against; 



Dat. as, t(p Ir^TZiD, 

as, iiz'i (TTOfiaTi too noTa/JLou, 

Ace. as, ep^£<jO^ im dslnvov. 
as, i:7z] yaiau. 

Merd. 

Gen. as, fxerd zi^vvjq. 

Dat. as, auTog fierd Tzpmxoiai TzoveTzo. 

Acc» as, Z£b(; e^rj /j.erd daXra. 

as, 01 vo/ioc fierd rov 8edv awZooai ttjv 

Tlapd. 
Gen. as, ov izapd fdapyvpoo ^dpiv deX 

Dat as, Tcap^ oy^daiq. 

Ace. as, /5^ T^apd Olva Oakdaarjq. 



as, Tzapd (T£ ep^ofiat. 
as, Tcapd rd aXXa ^wa. 
as, rcapd cpixnv. 



About; Gen., Dat., and Ace. as, ri izep\ ipoxr,q iXiyo/xev. — 

6(6paxa 7:ep\ roXq (Tripvotq. — cpoXaxTj izepX to (jojfia. 
For; Gen. as, dfiuveadat nep} naTpr^q. 



By; 

For; 



Upoq. 

Gen. as, npoq twv decbv. 

as, npoq aovj odds i/jLody (ppdffo). 



From ; ^prjaTOO npoq dvdpdq [xrjdkv V7:o\>6et xaxbv. 

Towards"; Dat. as, Tzpdq tCj TiXei too ^colk 

To ; Ace, as, d $" uv fiddrj ttocTc, TaoTa adxraffdat iptXeX Tzpoq 

npaq. 
Against ; Ace. as, npoq xivTpa fiij XdxTt^e. 



92 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Under; Gen.j Datj and Ace. as, ond voffoo dnoOay^eh. u^^ 

ijXco). — dnayaywv uno (foivixaq. 
By; Gen. as^ utzq ^prjOTiov ayofxai. 



' Hvixa^ 
Oh, 



RESPONDENT PARTICLES. 



when. 



where. 



where 



Tore, ^^en, 



7'' 



as far y 
just, 



Kdddr^tpj I 



as, 



'Q>q, asy 

Mkv, indeed, 

Mkv, both, 

l^''^'^'''"' 1 like • 

^Ofiolax;^ J ' 

Ildpoq, 



Hph, 

npdrepov, 



before, 




W(javra)q, 



c ware, ^ 

1 ^<^^^p, j 



oe, 

ware, 
waizep, 

iip\v, 

Ttph, 

-p\v, 



so. 
thus, 
but. 
and. 



that 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 93 



"Offffaxt, as ofterij 
OoTwqj SO J 

wcnepj aSj 



TOffffaxtj 


so often. 


w<;, 


as. 




so. 


so. 


thus. 



Note. — The above order of the Respondent Particles 
may be found reversed. 



PROSODY. 



A syllable in which a short or doubtful Vowel precedes 
two Consonants or a double letter^ is long : as, ylayyyj. If 
in different words, it is sometimes short : as, ixolpa xparatrj-j 
Trrepdevra izpodr^udaj &c. 

A short syllable is often made long before a digammated 
Vowel: o<^ olj for Fol j — iiilw^dq or^owj for Foivoto. 

"When three short syllables come together, it is necessary, 
for the sake of the metre in Heroic Measure, that one should 
be made long : as, aOdvaraqj dOiaroc, llplaixidriq. 

ONE VOWEL BEFORE ANOTHER. 

A Vowel before another does not suffer elision, as in 
Latin, at the end of a word, unless an apostrophe is sub- 
stituted. 

A long Vowel or Diphthong is generally shortened at 
the end of a word (and even sometimes at the beginning), 
before a Vowel : as, ojxclj h. 

CONTRACTION. 

A contracted syllable is always long : as, ocpteqy ocplq. 

Two successive Vowels, naturally forming two Syllables, 
frequently coalesce in poetry : as, xpofjioj^ pronounced as if 
^poaoj. 

COMPOUNDS AND DERIVATIVES. 

Compounds and Derivatives follow the law of their sim- 
ples : as, rlfirij azifioq J ecpvyov^ (fvyrj. 
94 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 95 

A privative is short : slSj arcpLoq. 

BpCy du^j and C«, are short : as, ^adeoq 

INCREASE OF NOUNS. 

A is short : as, awixaroq. Except Nouns in «v, avo^ : as, 
Ttrdvj TiTWM)q J and the Doric Genitive: as, ^Arpeidao, (lou- 
<Tdo)'^ for p.oo(jaFiov. Except, also, xipaq (in Euripides and 
Anacreon), xpdqy (pap^ Ocopaq, Upa^y xopSaq^ via^, /5df, 
aop(paqy 0a{aqj <piuaq. 

I is short : as, eptq. epldoq. Except words of two termi- 
natioi^s : ^s, dek<p\\^ on deXcpiq^ Xvoq ) and Monosyllables : as, 
diq, dlvoq y but A\q, Aibq ; dp\qy rptydq ; <Trif , (TTi^oq J r^^, 
Tivoq, are short. Except from the general rule, Nouns 
making cOoq : as, opvtq, opvlOoq) and those making tdoq, if 
the penult of the Nominative be long : as, x\>r^iiiqy xvrjixTdoq. 
So also Nouns in ^f, tyoq^ or txoq : as, pMfTrcq, -^yoq", <poivtqy 
Zxoq'y and Monosyllables in tcpy cTzoq : as, OXi(/^, -inoq. 

T is short : as, ndpy Tzvpdq. Except words of two termi- 
nations : as, ipopxuvy and <p6pxuqy -vvoq : as, also, xijpuqj 
'vxoq. rpbc/fy 'OTzoq'y yhcpy -oizoq] fii/^poSy -oxaq^ are commou. 

PENULTIMA OF THE TENSES OF VERBS. 

The quantity of all Tenses generally remain the same as 
in the Tense from which they are formed : as, from xpivio 
are formed expZvovy xpZ\)oiiaiy h.pZv6p.rjV'y from xpi\>a} are formed 
xixpXx.ay xixpifiatj IxpXdr^v. 

The Perfect follows the quantity of the First Future : as, 
xTi^Wy XTiacOy exTvxa'y (pbiD^ ipvavDy izicpvxa. 

If the penult of the FirU Future be long by position, 
and not by nature, that of the Perfect is short : as, ypdipiDy 
yiypo^cpa. 

The Perfect Middle follows the quantity of the Second 
Aorist: as, ervTzoVj rirvrza. Except /9i/?^>t^a, ejd^Zya^ xixpdya^ 
xixpZya, [lifivxa^ Tziirpdyay TziippZxa^ rirpZydy &c. 



96 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

The doubtful Vowels are long before (n : as, Ttrlxpa^ai^ 

In the First Aorist Participle^ the penult of the termina- 
tion atra is long. 

In the Imperative of Verbs in //«, o is short in Polysylla- 
bles : diS>,xixXvd(,'y but long in Dissyllables: as, xXodt. 

In the First Future, «, t, and o, followed by (Jcd, are 
short ] as, Oao/id^Wj Oaup.a(Taj ; vofxiZw, voiu<yio • xXo^co, 

xXvfJO). 

But Verbs in ao) pure, or pao), have the a of aao) long : 
as, 6ed(jo, 6ea(Ta) ] dpdco, dpaffw. lao) and 0(70) are long from 
Verbs in o) pure : as, riio, rZaa) ; laibu), lay^vaoj. 

QUANTITY or THE LAST SYLLABLE. 

A Vowel at the End of a Word. 

Final a, t, and o, are short. Except Nouns in da, Oa, pa, 
ea, ta^ and Polysyllables in aca: as, xepaca', with eoXdxa, 
XdOpa, and Tripa. Except also the following : 

Duals of the First Declension : as, pLou^a. 
Adjectives in a pure, and pa from Masculines in oc : as, 
Stxaca, Tj/xeripa. 

Nouns in eta, from eou) ; as, dooXeia^ from dooXeoco. 
Oxytons of the First Declension : as, y^apd. 
Vocatives of Proper Names in a<r : as, Alveia. 
The Doric a : as, d izayd^ for ^ izriyri. 

Final i is long in the names of letters : as, ?i ; with xpl. 
In the paragoge of Pronouns and Adverbs : as, obroai, \>ovt. 
Except the Dative Plural : as, (jinat. The Attic j, for, a, e, 
or o, is also long : as, raorl for rabra', 63} for o^e; tout} for 

Final t> is long in the Imperfect and Second Aorist of 
Verbs in u/u: as, i^ebyvu] — in the names of letters: as, p^b] 
with Ypb ] b is common. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 97 

Final «v, tv, and 6»v are short. But av is long in words 
<3ircumflexed : as, Uav. 

Oxytons masculine : as, Ttrdv 

These Adverbs : ayw^^ evav, Xiav^ r.ipoy. 

The Accusative of the First Declension, whose Nomina- 
tive is long: as, Alveiav^ ipiUav. ^ 

h is long in words of two terminations : as, deXcplv and 
deX(p\q ] in ijij.lv and viilvj when circumflexed ; r)y, Dor. for 
<jo\ ; and x^v^v. Uph is sometimes long in Homer. 

Nouns in tv, tvog^ are long : as, prijiuv. 

W is long in words of two terminations : as, cpSpy.ov and 

Kfop'/.oq. 

In Accusatives from oq long : as, ocppov ; with vov. 

In the Imperfect and Second Aorist of Verbs in oju : as, 

Ap and vp final, are short. But yap and abrdp are some- 
times long in Homer ; and izop is long. 

Jc, tqj and oq final, are short. But aq is long in the 
Nominativ^es of Participles: as, rbipaq] and in all cases of 
the First Declension : as, ratuaq^ (ptXiaq, iwbaaq) it is long 
in the Accusatives Plural in aq^ from the long a in the Ac- 
cusative Singular of Nouns in eoq ; and finally Nouns in a<r, 
w^Toq '. as, Aiaq'j with rdXaq. 

Iq is long in Nouns of two terminations : as, heA(p\q and 
ds:X(p).v) and in Nouns increasing long: di^^xvrjpAq^ opviq] and 
y^q, Aioq. 

Tq is long in words of two terminations : as, (popxoq and 
ipopxuv ) in Monosyllables : as, fmq ; with x6p.oq. Oxytons 
making the Genitive in oq pure, have the uq of the Nomina- 
tive long: as, T.Aridhq) l/Ohq is common. We find uq long 
also in Verbs in oru : as, kdeixvuq. 



98 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



ACCENTS. 



The Acute (') is used on the last syllable, the penultima, 
or the autepenultima. 

The Grave Q is used on the last syllable only; but when 
that syllable is the last of a sentence, or followed by an en- 
clitic, the Acute is used. 

The Circum/lex (") is used on the last or the penultima. 

The Acute and the Grave are put either on long or short 
syllables ; the Circumflex on syllables long by nature, and 
never on the penultima, unless the last syllable is short. 
No word has more than one Accent, unless an Enclitic 
follows. 

Enclitics throw their accent on the preceding word, when 
the antepenult is acuted, or the penult circumflexed : as, 

Ten words are without Accents, called Atonies: 6j y), oly 

alj eij ei^j iv, i^ (or ix), oOj (obx. or ^^/,) ^;'. 

RULES OF ACCENTS. 

Monosyllahles, if not contracted, are acuted: as, 6q, Tzohq, 
Xdp. 

Monosyllables of the Third Declension accent the last 
syllable of the Genitives and Datives, but the penultima of 
other cases : as, S. /^V? X^^P^^i X^^P^^y x^Tpa. D. yj^ps, 
X^ipiHv. P. /£r^s<r, y^^por^, y^p(y\ y^Xpaq. 

Dissyllables, if the first be long, and the last short, cir- 
cumflex the former; as, iioTxja] in other cases, they acute 
the former : as, p.obcrrjq, loyoq, koyoo. 

Folyaijllahles, if the last syllable be short, acute the 
autepenultima: as, a\fdpa)7zo(; ] if long, the penultima: as, 
dvOpwjzou. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 99 



EXCEPTIONS WITH THE LAST SYLLABLE SHORT. 

1. Participles Perfect Passive : as, zerufiiiivoq. 

2. Verbals in eoq and eov : as, ypaizrioq^ ypanriov. 

3. The increasing cases of Oxytons : as, XafjL7:d<;, Xafind- 
^oq] Tvneiq^ TUTTivroq] as the Accent of the Nominative is 
generally preserved in all the cases, on the corresponding 
syllable. 

4. Many Derivatives : as, Tzatdtov, havrioq. 

5. Compounds of jSdUoj, r.oXia), y^iu)^ if not with a Prepo- 
sition : as, h.fj^oXoq. 

6. Compounds of rixrw^ xreivaj, rpiipu)^ and diyoiiaCj with 
a Noun, if they have an Active signification : as, Trpajrozd' 
xoq ; she v:ho produces her first child : ^tcpoxrovoq ; he who 
kills with a sword : fxr^rpoxTovoq ' a matricide : Xaorpocpoqy 
he who feeds the people. If they have a Passive significa- 
tion, they follow the general rule: as, npojroToxoq) the first- 
horn child: ^t<p6xzo\'oq'y he who is hilled with a sword: 
lx7)Tp6xTovoq] he loho is killed hy his mother: Xa6Tpo<poq'^ 
he who is fed hy the people, 

7. Compounds of Perfects Middle with Nouns and Adjec- 
tives : as, d.(JTpoX6Yoq^ olxovdfxoqj TzaiKfdyoq. 

8. Many other Compounds retain the Accents which they 
had in their simple state : as, avrdcpt^ oupavodevj xazeTyov^ 
aovrjXdov. 

So also, Prepositions which preserve their final Vowel in 
composition : as, dL-odoq, ^-{(T^eq. 

EXCEPTIONS WITH THE LAST SYLLABLE LONG. 

The Attic mode of keeping the Accent on the antepe- 
nultima in MeviXewq for MeviXaoq] Xiqeojq for Xiqeoq] or 
the Ionic Genitive: as, nrjXrjl'ddsaj -^ or the Compounds of , 
yiXwq : as, tptXoyeXajq^ can scarcely be called exceptions^ as 



100 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

the last two syllables were, in pronunciation^ contracted 
into one. 

At and oi final^ are considered as short in Accentuation : 
as, pMU(TaCj a>dpw7:oi. Except Optatives : as, cpilr^aai^ raru- 
<foi ; Infinitives of the Perfect in all Voices, of the Second 
Aorist Middle, and of the Present of Verbs in [it : as, rezu- 
(fivaiy rezDcpdatj T£TU7:ivat ; rordadai ] la-cdvai. 

The Genitive Plural of the First Declension circum- 
flexes the last syllable : as, p-ooawv. Except Adjectives of 
the First Declension, whose Masculine is of the second; 
as, ay.ozj dyio)'^^ dyia^ dyiwv j with krrjtriwvj yXovvwv^ and 
Xpy](JTOJv. 

Oxytons of the First and Second Declension, circum« 
flex the Genitives and Dcitives : as, 



Sing. Tiflij^ 'Z"^/^-^<r, Ttllfjj TtflijV^ TqXTi. 

Dual. Ttiidj ziixoLv. 

Plural, zt/xaij zi/iaj'^, rcfialq, zcpA^j z trial. 



Vocatives Singular in eo and ot are circumflexed : as, 
^aatXeby al^oT. 

Pronouns are Oxytons, except ooroq, iyMvocy deha^ and 
those in repo^ : as, rjiiirepuq. 

The Imj^eratrceSj ikOk, sink, eope^ Idk, and Xa^k, are ac« 
cented on the last, to be distinguished from the Second 
Aorist Indicative. 

The Prepodtions, placed after their case, throw back 
their Accent : as, dead ilrzo. Except dud and otd, to distin- 
guish them from «vot, the Vocative of aVaf : and from Ata^ 
the Accusative of Zeh<; or At<;. Oxytons, undeclined, lose 
their Accents when the final Vowel suifers Elision : as^ 
dW aye^ Tap' i/iou. Those that are declined, throw an 
Acute on the penult : as, tto/^J' e-), dsO/ e-aOov. 

Contractions are circumflexed, if the former of the 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 101 

two syllables to be contracted is acuted : as^ y6o<;, voD<r; 
^di()p.evj (fdovfiev ; otherwise they retain the Acute : as^ 

ENCLITICS. 

The oblique cases of the Pronouns : ri<;j rt^ indefinite, in 
all its cases. 

Verbs, ei/ii and ^r}p-\ in the Present Indicative, except 
the Second Person Singular. 

Adverbsj Tr^y, 7:00, moy TTw^y TtoOev, r^orej when not used 
interrogatively. 

Conjunctions, yk^ ts, xk, xev, Oijv, vb, vbv, nepj f^dj to]j and 
Ssj after Accusatives of motion : as, oixdvde. 

Enclitics lose their Accent in the beginning of a clause^ 
and when they are emphatical, or followed by another 
Enclitic. 

Enclitic Monosyllables lose their Accent after a word 
acuted on the penultima : as, X6yo(; fioo) but Dissyllables 
retain it : as, Xdyoq l(jTi ] else the Accent would be on the 
praeantepenultima. So ovv rtvoq. 

The Pronouns preserve their Accent after Prepositions, 
and after hexa or ^ : as, did aL ^E(TTi accents its first syl- 
lable, if it begins a sentence, is emphatical, or follows dXX% 
£Ly xal, obxy wq^ or toot] as, obx eart. 

Difierence in Accentuation serves to mark difference in 
signification, and has on some occasions given precision to 
the language, and even determined the ambiguous mea]i~ 
ing of a law. Of this distinction a few instances may be 
given :— 

dyojv, leading, dywvj a contest. 

akr^Otq^ truly, dXiqdkq, true. 

aXXa, other things. dXXd, but. 

aizkooq, unnavigable. dnXodq^ simple, 

9* 



102 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



apay then. 
l3ioq, life, 
didoiiev, we give, 
doxoc, opinion. 
elfTiy he goes. 
evCy he ts in. 
e^Opa^ enmity, 
^wovj an animal, 
^ia, a sight, 
^iwvy running. 
Tov, a violet. 
xdXwq^ a cable. 
Xdo^y a stone. 
XebxTjy a poplar, 
fj.6i^7)j alone. 
juLoptoc, ten thousand, 
vio^y new. 
vofioq^ a laio. 
ofiioq, yet. 
TceiOcDy I advise. 
TTovTjpoq, laborious. 
Tpd^oq, a course. 
SfMO^y a shoulder. 



apajan inter rog .particle — d.pdy 

iScog, a bow, [a prayer. 

dcdofiewj to give. 

doxo^y a beam. 

ei(T\j they are. 

tA, in. 

^X^pd, hostile. 

Ziobvy living. 

^edj a goddess. 

-^ewvy of gods. 

Idvj going. 

xakwqj well. 

Xadq, a people. 

XeoxTjy white. 

fMovTjj a mansion. 

flop tot J innumerable. 

v£dq, a field. 

\fO[ib(;y a pasture. 

6p.(u<;, together. 

TTstdo), persuasion. 

TTov-qpoq, wicked, 

rpoyo^y ^ wheel. 

wfioq, cruel. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 103 



DIALECTS. 



THE ATTIC 

Loves Contractions : as^ (pdo) for <pdia)^ f^detv for elldeiv. 

Its favourite letter is w, which it uses for o. 

It changes Long into Short, and Short into Long Sylla- 
bles : as, Xe(i)q for Xaoq. 

In Nouns, it changes o, ot, and ou, of the Second De- 
clension into CD : as, N. V. Xeojq. G, Xsw. D. hw. A. 
Xewvj &c. 

It changes et(T into rjq : as, Innfjq for Innelq. 

It makes the Vocative like the Nominative : as, (b Tzdrrjp, 
S) <pUog. — Soph. 

In some Nouns it makes the Accusative in w, instead of 
wv, wa^ or a)va : as, kaydjy Mhio, Ilo<Teidwj for XayaJv, Mivwa^ 
Uoffetdwva, 

It changes the Genitive eoq into ewq : as, fiaffdiwq for 

In Vei'hs, it changes the Augment e into t), in rj^ookdfiriVy 
TJduvdfiTjVj TJfieXkov. 

It changes et into rj : as, rjdetv for eideiv. 

It adds a syllable to the Temporal Augment : as, opdaoy 
iwpaovy for wpao'^] eho), eotxa, for olxa. 

It adds ^a to the Second Person in ff : as, ^(j6a for ^^ ; 
oUaaOa^ by Syncope, oT<r<9a for oldaq. 

It changes /^£ and jj.e of the Perfect into eL : as, etXrj<pa 
for UXri<pa] etfxapfiat for p.ifjLapfiac } elhyfiat for XiXeyfiai. 

It drops the Reduplication in Verbs beginning with two 
Consonants : as, ijSXdfTryjxa for ^e^Xdffrrjxa. 

It repeats the first two letters of the Present before the 
Augment of Verbs beginning with a, e, o : as, dXicj^ wXexa^ 
dXwXsxa. 



104 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

It forms the First Future aud Perfect of Verbs in w : as^ 
from eoj • thus, -^ilcoj -^eXyjaoj, reOiXrjxa^ as if from ■deXiw. 

It drops (T in the First Future : as, >o/j.caJj circumflexed. 
for vo;ii(Tco ) xopeel for xopiaet. 

It changes £, in the penultima of the Perfect Active, into 
o : as, earpoffa from arpiipuj) e'lkoya for XiXeya. 

It forms the Pluperfect Singular in t), -qq^ rj. 

It changes truxyav and azwaa^^^ in the Third Person Plural 
Imperative, into oj^ro^v and a>ra;v : as, T6>7rTovrwv for roTtri- 
Tioffav ] roipdvTijjv for Tu4'dT<jD(Tav ) and adioaav into gOojv : as, 
Tor^TiadiDv -for roTzriadoxyay. 

It makes the Optative of Contracts in r^v ; as, <pdo(rf\> for 

(fiXiHlU. 

It changes /x before (lai in the Perfect Passive of the 
Fourth Conjugation into (t : as, T.iipa<7iiai for -i(paiip.ai, 

THE IONIC 

Loves a concourse of Vowels : as, roTzredt for roTiTrj ; <7£- 
XTjvatTj for (Te?.7Jvrj. 

Its favourite letter is >^, which it uses for a and e. 

It puts soft Mutes for aspirate, and aspirate for soft : as, 
kvdavza for ivrauOa ^ xiOwv for yizdtv. 

It prefixes and inserts e: as, iwv for a>v; TrotrjTiwv for 
7:oL7jTwv ] decFTZoTsac for j£(77rora<;'. 

It inserts :: as, />£«a for pia-^ and, instead of subscribing, 
adds it : as, Oprjixeq for 0paxeq J fhjtdioq for padwq. 

In JVot(?«.s^f the First Declension, it changes the Genitive 
o6> into ea> : as, TzocT^Tio) for Tzoi-qzoo. 

It changes the Dative Plural into 3jc and -^(Jt : as, (^e^v^c, 
xecpaXrjcFtj for -aT;;', -aT^^ 

In the Second Declension it adds t to the Dative Plural : 
as, ToT<7( epyoifft for Tor<;' ipyoiq. 

In the third, it changes e into 9? : as, ^aatXijoq for 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 105 

It terminates the Accusative of Contracts in w and ojg^ in 
oov : as, aid GOV for aid 6a. 

In VerhSf it omits the Augment : as, /9'^ for sI^tj. 

It prefixes an unusual Reduplication : as, xixa/iov for 
£xa/j.ov ; keXaOi<ydii) for ladiadio. 

It terminates the Imperfect and Aorists in axov ; as, totz- 
re(TX0Vj TU(pa(TX0Vj for k'ruTzroVj eruipa. 

It adds (Tc to the Third Person Subjunctive : as, TbnTrj(jt 

for TUTZTTj. 

It changes e^v, e^C; ^« of the Pluperfect, into ea, ea^, ee, 
&c. ; as, irerbcpea, aq, &c. • 

It forms the Third Person Plural of the Passive in arat 
and aro : as, ToizriaTai for r^Trrovraj; indiaro for ^rc'^evro; 
earo for ^vto. 

It resumes in the Perfect, the Consonant of the Active : 
as, Terviparai for rer u/x/iivoi dai. 

It changes <t into the Consonant of the Second Aorist : 
as, Tztippddazai for 7zt<ppaGy.i\f0i tlai. 

THE DORIC 

Loves a broad pronunciation ; its favourite letter is a, 
which it uses for £, >^; o, w, and ot>. 

It changes C into <r^ : as, oadu) for oC^. 

In Nouns^ in the First Declension, it changes ou of the 
Genitive into a\ as, aida for at'^ot;. 

In the Second Declension, it changes oo of the Geni- 
tive into io : as, Ozw for dzou ; and otx;*, of the Accusative 
Plural, into oq and a>? : as, i?£o<r for ?^eo^c; dydpibizmq for 

In the Third Declension, it changes ^oq of the Genitive 
into toq : as, yjikeuq for yeiXeoq. 

In Fer5s, it forms the Second Person Sringular of the 
Present in eq : as, ruTzreq for ruTTTetq. 

It changes o^ew of the First, and oocrt of the Third, 



106 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

Person Plural^ into ojieq and ovn : as^ Uyofieq, Xiyovrtj for 
Xiyofiev, Xiyoocn. 

It forms the Infinitive in fiev and ixe^^at : as, ru-ri/Asv and 
TU7zrifj.e>aCj for ruTZTstv. 

It forms the Feminine of Participles in oc(7a^ eoaa, and 
ojfTa] aS; TOTZTotaa^ ruirreodaj and ronziDaa^ for roTzrouaa. 

It forms the First Aorist Participle in aiq^ aiaa^ atv : as, 
roil'-aiq^ -aiaa^ -aiv^ for roi^'aq^ -a^a^ -av. 

In the Passive, it forms the First Person Dual in eadov^ 
and Plural in e(Tda : as, zo-rotx-eado^^^ -eada^ for T07TT6p.edovj 
-eda. 

It changes ou of the Second Person into so : as, ronreo 

fOl iOT.TOU. 

In the Middle, it circumflexes the First Future : as, 
ru(l'oo/iai for Ti)(po[iatj as in the Active, roil'dj for rbil'u). 

It forms the First Person Singular of the Future in 
eoiiat, and the Third Plural in eovrat: as, ruipeoiiaty roip- 

THE ^OLIC 

Changes the aspirate into the soft breathing : as, i^fiipa 
for ijixipa. 

It draws back the Accent : as, eyo) for kyw] ip%ij.i for ^^//t; 
ayadoq for ayadbq ; and circumflexes acuted Monosyllables : 
as, Zevq for Z^l*^. 

It changes -q into sj : as, tlOsi/h for riOrj/jLt. 

It puts <9a for l9£v : as, or.Ksda for oruaOev. 

It resolves Diphthongs : as, Tiaiq for 7raT<^. 

In Nouns of the First Declension, it changes ou into «o : 
as, dl'dao for didoo. 

It changes a>v of the Genitive Plural into aa>v, and a<r, of 
the Accusative, into acq : as, fxou<jdajv^ ixobaatq^ for pMuacbv^ 
ixobaaq. 

In the Third Declension, it changes the Accusative of 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 107 

Contracts, in w and ax;^ into cov : as, aidwv for alSoa ; and 
the Grenitive oug into wq. 

It forms the Third Person Plural of the Imperfect and 
Aorists of the Indicative and Optative in (Ta> : as, ironroffav 
for iroTZTov. 

It changes the Infinitive in av and oov into atq and ot(; : 
as, yeXaTq for y^^q-'^ ] XpixroTq for ^pucroui^. 

It changes e^v of the Infinitive into tjv : as, Tonrrjv for 

In the Passive, it changes ^asOa into /lede and ^e^ev : as, 
roTZTOfieOs and TUKTOfj.edev^ for Tonroixeda. 

THE POETS 

Have several peculiarities of Inflection. 

They use all Dialects; but not indiscriminately, as will be 
seen in the perusal of the best models in each species of 
Poetry. In general, they adopt the most ancient forms, as 
remote from the common Dialect. 

They lengthen short Syllables, by doubling the Conso- 
nants : as, e(T(TeTac for e^erat ; by changing a short Vowel 
into a Diphthong : as, eb for h] p.od\>oq for fio'^oq) dXrjXoud- 
fie\f for iXrjXbdaiiev ] or by v final : as, i(TT\v <piXov. 

They add Syllables; as, <p6uj<; for (pojq) SpdcLv for 6 pav } 
ffacoffifjLSvai for (jdxjet)^. 

They drop short Vowels in Pronunciation, to diminish 
the number of Syllables : as, d[j.du) for daiidco ; eyevro for 
kyivero. 

They drop Syllables : as, aX^t for aX^crov ; xpT for 
xpifivov ; Xiiza for Xiizapov ; bwa for bmaaat ) ado) for kad- 
^<r£, &c. 

In Noims, the'y form the Genitive and Dative in (pc : as, 
xe^aXij^c from xecpaXi^ '^ azpaTOfi from aTpaxbg) o-^tatpi from 
o^og) 'mocpi for 'johat. So abrocpt for aoralg. 

In the Second Declension, they change^ the Genitive ou 



108 GREEK RUDIMENTS. 

into oco : as, noXi/xoto xaxoTo for TzoXi/iou xaxoo (HoM.), and 
otv in the Dual, into ouv : as, k6You\f for Xoyoiv. 

In the Third Declension they form the Dative Plural by 
adding : or at to the Nominative Plural : as^ rcaiqj 7:alde<;^ 
Tzatdsffiy or TcaideffffL. 

They form several Yerbs of a peculiar termination, in Ow, 

XU). pat, (Ty^Oy (jOu), (TTZiDj (^X^ J ^^J ^^^7 £iVi<i, YjOJy OCaWy OOCOy 

and 0)0) ] as, ^eppwOo)^ 'i^o), &c. So o'laoj from o}o) ; op(Ta} 
from opoj^ &c. 

They have Particles peculiar to themselves : as, dputy 
Syjda, exrjTtj ^{lo^j ixiaipa^ vipdej o^cl, xk^ ^d.j &c. 



DIGAMMA. - 



The old Dialects of Greece admitted few or no Aspirates. 
The Digamma was calculated to prevent the hiatus which 
the concurrence of Yowels would produce. Aspirates were 
afterwards introduced into all the Dialects, except the 
^olic, which adhered to the Digamma; hence, it has pre- 
served the name of the j^olic. It has also, with great pro- 
priety, been called the Homeric Digamma : that great poet 
adopted the original forms of the ^olic and Ionic Dialects, 
which threw a majestic air of antiquity on his poetry. 
This ancient form Homer dignifies by the appellation of the 
language of the Gods. Virgil, and among the moderns, 
Tasso and Milton, successfully imitated that practice, by 
the introduction of antiquated expressions, which removed 
their language from the common idiom, and cast a venerable 
gloom of solemnity on their style. To that principle may, 
in a great measure, be attributed the use of the Digamma 
by Homer. 

The use of the Digf^nima having been insensibly abolished 
by the introduction ui' Aspirates, the transcribers of the works 
of Homer neglected to mark it; and a-t length the vestiges 
of its existence were confined to a few ancient inscriptions. 
The harmonious ear of the Poet has led him sedulously to 
avoid every hiatus of Vowels ; but the absence of the Di- 
gamma made him inharmonious and defective. To remove 

10 ' 109 



110 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



in some degree this difficulty, his Commentators interposed 
the final v, or the Particles, y\ d\ r ) but these could be 
only partially adopted, and were far from exhibiting the 
Poet in all the charms of his original style. Numberless 
passages remained in their naked deformity, and exercised 
the conjectural sagacity of Grammarians and Commentators. 
Thus, in the Yerse in the opening of the Iliad, 'Hpcowv 
uoTohq de ikwpta rsoy^e xmtaav^ — aware of the inharmonious 
effect of the concurrence of the two £, they cut off the for- 
mer. The quantity of the latter created another difficulty. 
Some doubled the A, and others asserted that c was length- 
ened before the liquid : but there were passages to which 
even these and similar expedients were inapplicable. A 
successful effort was made by the great Bentley to remove 
these embarrassments. The restoration of the Digamma 
has at length vindicated the Poet, and displayed the har- 
monious beauties of his original versification. To give the 
learner some clue to guide him through these intricacies, an 
alphabetical table is added of the words in Homer, which, 
either constantly or generally admit the Digamma in the 
initial Yowel. 





A. 




ayoj 


aXiDfxi. 


aprj. 


ayvujuLC. 


avdS. 


apC(TTOU. 


adio. 


dvddwo). 


apveq. 


akfjfii. 


dpawq. 


aaro. 


dXtq. 


apdoj. 

E, 




e. 


edvoq. 


£ho(TC. 


eap. 


eldioj. 


eho). 


edvoi^. 


s'cSo). 


elXap. 


edecpa. 


e'ldioXov. 


eiXio). 


edev. 


er/.e)jtq. 


elXoo). 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 



Ill 



elXu(pdw, 


iktxwTreq. 


epyov. 


elko). 


kXiffao). 


epyo). 


elfxa. 


'iXoq. 


epdco. 


eipyio. 


IXniq. 


iptTJprjq. 


efpo). 


eXnw. 


eppii). 


kt(Txaj. 


eXco, 


ipvoj. 


hade^A 


eXiop. 


iddvjq. 


ixdg. 


iXcopiov. 


effOoq. 


exaffzoq 


everot. 


effTzepoq. 


'dxaroq. 


evvujULt. 


iaria. 


exTjXoq. 


eoixa. 


erapoq. 


ix7)TC. 


idq. 


irrjq. 


ixupoq. 


enoq. 


£Toq. 


kxm. 


eizo). 


iTW(Ttoq, 


kXedq. 


epYiia. 


'iw. 


Uixeq. 


ipyvOo). 




ijduq. 


^xa. 


''Hprj. 


Tjdoj. 


rj\>Oip. 


■fjpiov. 


^Ooq. 


^>. 


^XV- 


¥jioq. 


^pa. 





laxri. 


IVLOV. 


KTTWp 


Idy^uj 


fov. 


laxoq. 


cdptq. 


iovddq. 


hia. 


'Up.ai. 


'Ipiq. 


huq. 


rxeXoq. 


h. 


1ft, 


Ixfidq. 


[(T7jp.t. 


ffcoq. 


''IXioq. 


l(TOq. 


i(07J. 


Iveq. 


iffxio. 

IffTLTj, 


iwxTJ. 



112 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 







0. 






oapeq. 




ohoq. 




obkoq. 


oldfia. 




8?. 




oZpov. 


olxoq. 


J)Xt 


oh. 
ohXaixd^. 


0)?. 


S4>. 



The Latin Dialects naturally adopted the jEolic Digamma^ 
which it expressed generally by V; as will be seen in the 
following list : — 



ayofxaij vagor. 
alwv, devum. 
dXcoTTTj^y vulpes. 
"Aop\>oqj Avernus. 
Ay^aioq^ Achivus. 
au)j aveo. 
^toiD, vivo, 
^oe^j hoves. 
dToq, divus. 
eldico, video. 
ehart, viginti. 
^iXo), volvo. 
£fia)j vomo. 
ivdrxcoj vindico. 
heroLy veneti. 
evrepoqy venter. 
^PX^i vergo, 
epoq, servus. 
epwj verto. 
eadfjq^ vestis. 
kcTiipa^ Vetera, 



"EcFrta^ Vesta, 
ezoq, vet US. 
'^p, ver. 
I'^oq, viscus, 
I'ovj viola. 
Iq. vis, 
fojj ivi. 
y.dojj cava, 
xepadqy cervus. 
xleTqy clavis. 
x&poq, corvus. 
}.acdqj Isevus. 
Xaprjj larva. 
Xeloq^ levis. 
kobtOj lavo. 
Xowj solvo. 
fjLdXrjj malva. 
[idopoq^ Mavors. 
p.da)y moveo. 
vacoqj neevus, 
vavq, navis. 



GREEK RUDIMENTS. 113 

vioq, novus. Tzaupoq, parvus, 

ytxajj vinco. Trpco), privo. 

olxo^j vicus. ptcOy rivus. 

olvo<;y vinum. (Txato^j saevus. 

o'iq, ovis. rawq, pavo. 

ok(i)y volvo. oXrjj si/lva. 

o^^o^y vulgus. oojj uvesco. 

owj voveo. (hovj ovum. 

Sometimes the Digamma is represented by other letters, 
among which we meet B : as, ^ooj, duhhim ; pwcu^ rohur ; 
8(0 y uher. 

C : as, erspa, cetera. 

¥ : as, dyopdj /oriim ; o/juXaq^ famulus '^ allbq, fells; htq^ 
/lines; ocoj Jiuo. 

E, : as, /5r>^, Boreas; eooj, uro; Uaog, hilaris ; fxba^j 
murex ; fioo(ydu)Vy musarum ; voo^, niirus, &c. 

In English, the Digamma has become W : as, vioq, neio ; 
vinumy wine; fistula^ whistle; vespa, wasp; via, way. It 
is pronounced without being written in the word one. 

Y : as, vaoc, nave, &c. 



FINIS. 



10* 



STAKDAB.B SCKOOZi BOOKS, 

Published hy MuRPHY & Co., 178 Market St., Baltimore. 
KERNEY'S POPULAR SCHOOL BOOKS. 

In calling public attention to the following works by Mr. Kerxey, the publishers deem it 
unnecessary to enlarge on their respective merits. The author's experience as a teacher for a 
number of years, enabled him to acquire a practical knowledge of the wants of pupils in pur- 
suing the different branches of learning. The very liberal patronage extended to them, and 
the favor with which they have been received, especially by many practical Teachers, and their 
immediate introduction into several of the principal institutions of learning in the country, 
is the best evidence of their practical utility, 

A liberal discount to Booksellers, Teachers, &c., when purchased in quantities. 

A Compendium of Ancient and Modern History, -with Questions, 

adapted to the use of Schools and Academies ; also an Appendix, containing the De- 
claration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, a Biographical 
Sketch of Eminent Personages, with a Chronological Table of Remarkable Events, 
Discoveries, Improvements, etc., from the Creation to the year 1850. By M. J. 
Kerney, a. M. Tenth revised Edition 12mo, hf. arabesque 75 

RECOMMENDATIONS. 

The Compendium of History, by M. J. Kerney, has been in my possession several months, and, 
after a careful reading, I believe it to be a very useful book in ihe department of study to which it 
belongs. I take pleasure in recommending it to teachers. 

J. N. MJILTON, Chairman Central High School of Baltimore. 

I have carefully examined " Kerney' s Compendium of History," and ^' Kerney' s Abridgment of 
Murray's English Grammar." I have the pleasure to inform you that they have both been intro- 
duced into the Public Schools in our citv. I take great pleasure in recommending them to the atten- 
tion of Teachers. J. F. CALLAN, Trustee Public School 2d.,Arashington, D.C. 

'' Kerney' s Compendium of History" condenses much matter in a small compass ; and. as a school 
book, is calculated to interest and please the student; while it makes him master of the principal 
and most important facts of Ancient and Modern History. To speak of its merits comparatively, I 
think it equal, if not superior, to any of its kind within my knowledge. JOS. H. CLARK, A. M. 

Having carefully perused the " Compendium of Ancient and Modern History " by M. J. Kerney, 
1 feel no hesitation in stating it to be, in my opinion, one of the best arranged works for the use of 
schools and academies that I have seen. JAilES SHANLEY, 59 Conway street, Bait. 

EXTRACTS FROM NOTICES OP THE PRESS. 

" Our leisure has not served us to enter into a very critical examination of Mr. Kerney's volume ; 
we have looked thi-ough it wuh some attention, and' must confess that we have been favorably im- 
pressed with its merits. In the History, more especially, where it is impossible to avoid the relation 
of facts touching various religious creeds, the compiler' seems to have scrupulously refrained from 
any remark that could arouse sectarian prejudice — a fault in which too many of those who have 
given their labors to the compilation of school histories have been prone to indulge." 

National Intelligencer. 

" This very useful vvork was compiled for the use of schools and academies, and fully meets the 
wants it was intended to supply ; we therefore shall not only adopt it in the schools under our own 
care, but recommend it as much as we can to others." I'ittsbnrg Catholic. 

" We confess ourselves well pleased with this volume, and believe it is destined to find favor in the 
sphere for which the author has designed it. Its style is didactic and terse, and while agreeable to 
the cultivated intellect, is adapted to the humblest coinpreheusion. There is one characteristic of 
the work which pleases us above all others, and that is the studied care with which the author 
avoids all allusions and comments that might be in the slightest degree wounding to the religious 
sensibilities of members of any creed. This is a great desideratum in books designed for schools, a.s 
the evil of sectarianism, so manifest in most of our elementary class books, has been long and 
loudly complained of. We cannot but hone that this work will be acceptable to our citizens, because 
ef its fitness for the objects for which the author designed it, because of its impartial character, and 
because it is the production of a worthy and iutelUgeut member of our own community." 

U. S. Catholic Magazine. 

" It is a work containing much useful information, and, as a school book, and for general historical 
r«!fereuce, it will be found invaluable." Baltimore American. 

" A cursory examination of this volume has led us to form a very favorable opinion of its merits as 
a school book." Catholic Herald. 

'■ Are noticed some months ago the first edition of this work, and are much gratified to find, from 
the speedy appearance of the second, that our anticipations of its complete success were not vain. 
VTfi not only cheerfully, but earnestly recommend it to the favorable notice of tutors and directors of 
schools and academies'." St. Louis News -Letter. 

" As an elementary treatise, this work will, we should suppose, be, and deservedly so, a favorite in 
•ur schools. The appendix of biographical notices of prominent individuals is an original and de- 
sirable addition to the book." Lutheran Observer. 

" It fills a place long vacant in our school books. Its style is good, plain, and easy ; it is well con 
densed, and the narrative correct and justly sustained." Fred. Exam. 

" Mr. Kerney has done good service to the cause of education and general intelligence in preparinj; 
iMs valuable work." Odd Fellows' Mirror. 

23 . 



Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 

The First Class Book of History, designed for pupils commencing 

the Study of History ; with Questions, adapted to the use of Academies and Schools. 

By Al. J. Kerney, A. M. Eighth revised edition 25 

At the earnest request of many who used the author's Compendium of Ancient and Modern History, 
he compiled the above work. It is chiefly designed for pupils about to enter upon a course of his- 
torical study. In the arrangement of the work, and in the general matter of contents, the author 
has pursued that course which his long experience in teaching has pointed out as the best to facili- 
tate the progress of the pupil in acquiring a knowledge of history. 

As the history of our own country possesses peculiar attractions, he has placed the history of the 
United States first in the order of arrangement, so that it may first claim the attention of the 
young. This is suceeeded by an interesting account of the most important events in the history of 
England, France, Ireland, and Italy, together with an interesting view of the Middle Ages, the 
Crusades, and Monastic Institutions. 

The work is embellished with a number of Engravings, and has questions at the bottom of each 
page to facilitate the labor both of the teacher and pupils. 

Catechism of the History of the United States; with a Chronological 

Table of American History, from its Discovery in 1492, to the year 1854. Illustrated 
with Engravings. Revised and enlarged Edition. By M. J. Kerney, A. M. 24mo, paper 13 
The peculiar merits of this little History are to be found in the accuracy of its details, and in the 
adaptation of its style and arrangement to the capacity of that class of learners for which it was 
designed. The favor it has been received with, and its extensive circulation, are the best comments 
on its merit? — nearly 15,000 copies having been disposed of within two years. The present edition 
has been carefully revised and enlarged ; and in order to render the work more attractive, a num- 
ber of appropriate and instructive engravings have been introduced. These improvements add 
much to its merits, and render it far superior to any work of the kind now before the public. 

" This is likely to prove a popular book for primary history classes in our schools. It is well ar- 
ranged, compact, and comprehensive, and cannot be too highly praised." Detroit Vindicator. 

'« This little work is well calculated to give the learner a succinct knowledge of the leading events in 
the history of the American Republic, from its first discovery down to the present year. It is admi- 
rably adapted for the use of schools." Halifax Catholic. 

A Catechism of Scripture History, compiled by the Sisters of Mercy 

for the use of the children attending their schools. Revised and corrected by M. J. 

Kerney, A. M. Second American, from the last London Edition .... ISmo, h'f. cloth .50 

" The preface to this work informs us that it was originally compiled for the use of the pupils 
attending the schools of the Sisters of Mercy in the city of Limerick, Ireland. It has been revised 
by Mr. M. J. Kerney, and a valuable appendix added, containing some pages of extracts from the 
prophets, with the evidence from the New Testament of the fulfilment of the predictions given, 
placed in juxtaposition with the prophetic sentences. It is an admirable book for schools, and cal- 
culated to give a far more vivid and lasting knowledge of sacred history than could be obtained from 
years of desultory and mechanical ' Bible-reading.' " Detroit Vindicator. 

" This excellent work is now used in nearly all Catholic institutions throughout England and Ire- 
land, and has also acquired an extensive circulation throughout the neighboring republic. 

" The object of the Catechism, according to the preface 'is to render children early acquainted 
with the truthful and interesting events receded in the sacred Scriptures; to familiarize them 
with the prophecies relating to the coming of the Messiah, and lead them to regard the Old Testa- 
ment as a figure and a foreshadowing of the New.' 

" The present edition has been much improved, the questions to the answers being made more 
concise, so as to admit of their being easily committed to memory. An appendix has also been 
added, containing extracts from ihe Prophet?, Scripture texts, and short sketches of the lives of 
the Apostles and Evangelists. The Chronological Table, which has been carefully revised and con- 
siderably enlarged, fixes the dates of the most remarkable events recorded in the Sacred Writings. 

" We hope soon to see the work introduced into all Catholic Schools in the British Provinces, and 
were its merits fully known we are pretty certain it would meet with a circulation similar to that 
which it has acquired in England and the United States." Halifax Catholic. 

"This little school-book, compiled by the Sisters of Mercy, and revised by M. J. Kerney, fills a 
want which has existed too long. The importance of an exact history of the principal events related 
in the Bible, is one which all will acknowledge, and the friends of Catholic education are under spe- 
cial obligations to the compilers, as also to the reviser and publisher of this work," South. Journal. 

" Of the merits of the book itself, it would be superfluous to speak, but we may observe that the 
labors of the American editor have added very considerably to its value." Metropolitan. 

OH/^ The foregoing works, which form a complete series of School Hirtoriee, the publishers are 
happy to state, have met with very liberal patronage. 



24 



Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 

FREDET'S UNIVERSAL HISTORIES, &c. 

The distinguished and wide-spread reputation of the author as an historian and Professor of 
ffistory in St. Mary's College for the last twenty years;— the universal favor with which these works 
have been received, and their immediate introduction into many of the principal literary institu- 
tions in the United States, precludes" the necessity of giving many of the numerous complimentary 
and flattering testimonials that have been so freely extended to them, both in this country, and in 
England, where they are extensively used. 

(XT^ Prof. Frede^'s Histories have been adopted as Text-Books in the Irish University. 
Ancient History: from the dispersion of the Sons of Noe. to the Battle of Ac- 
tium, and the change of the Roman Republic into an Empire. By Peter Fredet, 
D. D., Professor of History in St. Mary's College, Baltimore. Fourth edition, care- 
fully revised and enlarged 12mo 83 

Modern Hi dory : from the coming of Christ, and the change of the Koman Re- 
public into an Empire, to the year of our Lord, 1854. By Peter Fredet, D. D., 
Professor of History in St. Mary's College, Baltimore. Tenth enlarged and improved 

edition 12mo. 88 

Kew and Improved Editions, carefully revised and corrected by the Author. 
These two volumes for a Complete Course of History, or a continuous chain of 
Historical Events, from the Creation of the World to the Year 1854. 

The publishers are happy to announce that they have just issued new, enlarged, and improved 
editions of the above works, in uniform style. Each volume contains upwards of five hundred pages, 
and may justly be considered the cheapest, most authentic, and reliable histories published. 

The London Catholic Standard says: " These two excellent manuals of history have a wide and 
increasing circulation in America, and are everywhere held in the highest esteem. The compiler, 
Dr. Fredet, has achieved a task of no ordinary difficulty, in compressing so much recondite matter in- 
to so small a space ; in leaving untold nothing that was of note of the immense and varied annals 
of the world. No college, school, or library ought to be without these excellent works." 

The Dnhlin Telegraph says: " Fredet's Histories have been adopted, as a class-book, by the Irish 
Catholic University; and we entertain no doubt, that they will soon supersede, even in other estab- 
lishments, those miserable compilations which wilful perverters of truth have long palmed upon the 
public— both Catholic and Protestant— as histories and abridgments of histories," 

The Duhlin Tahlet says : " These two volumes are plain, copious, and useful summaries of history, 
and the number of editions through which they have passed attest their popularity." 

The Catholic Instructor says : " We hope these Histories will soon find their way into every literary 
institution among us, in order that the young may learn the past from pure and uncorrupted sources." 
The Catholic Sentinel says : " These beautiful treatises are quite deserving of the patronage which 
they obtain. They are most commendable for their Christian and unbiassed spirit. And we are not 
astonished that Dr. Fredet has his name taken up by the Irish University, proud that America has 
made therein such an inroad upon the abridged histories heretofore existing." 

The Metropolitan says : " The style is veritably charming by its simplicity, and by the quiet love of 
his subject which the reverend author constantly displays. It is the language of a talented and suc- 
cessful teacher, who relates to his class the great events of time, succinctly but graphically, without 
bombast, yet in a lively and picturesque manner. It is thus that history should be written for youth." 

Liiugard's England Abridged, for the Use of Schools. 

An Abridgment of the History of England. By John Lingaru, D.D. With a con- 
tinuation from 1688 to the reign of Queen Victoria, by James Burke, Esq., A.B. 
With Marginal Notes, adapted to the use of schools in the United States, by M. J. 

Ker>"EY, a. M 12mo, half arabesque 1 00 

An abridgment of Dr. Liugard's great work, adapted to the use of schools, has been long and 
anxiously looked for in this country. The publishers take great pleasure in inviting the earnes*-. at- 
tention of the conductors of schools, and others interested in the cause of education, to this edition. 
Although Lingard's England has been nearly half a century before the public, not one fact stated 
by him has been proved to be erroneous, while the critics of all creeds have joined in expressing 
their approbation of his great work. In style without a superior, in truthfulness without an equal, 
Lingard stands before the historic student as the model of what an historian should be. Having thus 
spoken of the style of Lingard, it is right to add that the student will find that the ipsissima verba of 
the great Catholic historian of England have been religiously preserved in the Abridgment. Of the 
continuation we shall merely say that it has been written by an author who has been long and fa- 
vorably known in literature. The publishers therefore feel confident that Mr. Burke will be found 
to have written in strict accordance with the spirit which dictated the great work of the historian 
■whose pages he has followed. The sketch of the British Constitution, the abstract of the geography 
of England in Saxon times, the list of eminent natives, and the marginal notes, wiU add much to 
the interest of the work, and will be found useful by way of reference. 

McSherry''s Histoj-y of Maryland, with Questions, &c 7-5 

This work is used in the Public Schools of Baltimore, and is strongly recommended by the Com- 
missioners. 



27 



Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 
IRVING'S SERIES OF SCHOOL CATECHISMS, IN TWEL\^ PARTS. 

Revised by M. J. Kerney, A. M. 

The long-established reputation of Irving's Catechisms, and the very extensive circula- 
tion which they have had, not only in England, but also in this country, is the best proof of their 
utility. The plan of his works is the very best that could be adopted. The catechetical form 
of instruction is now admitted by the most experienced teachers, to be the best adapted to 
the nature and capacity of youth;— a system by which children will acquire a knowledge of 
a science in less time than by any other. 

Murphy & Co., having become the publishers of this standard and highly popular series of Gate 
chisms, wish to inform the public that they have issued entirely new editions, -with all new disco- 
veries and modern improvements in each branch, under the careful supervision of M. J. KERNEY, 
Esq., who has prepared for the series a CATECHISM OF THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED 
STATES— an entirely new work. 

Tlie folloicing constitute the Series : 
Adronomy : containing the Motions, Magnitude, Periods, Distances, and other 
Phenomena of the Heavenly Bodies, founded on the laws of Gravitation. With en- 
graved Illustrations 13 

This little volume possesses the peculiar merit of reducing to the comprehension of children the 
principles of a difficult, but, at the same time, a most interesting science. It explains the solar 
system, the courses and the revolutions of the planets, eclipses, the theory of tides, and many other 
interesting astronomical principles. - 

Botany: containin;| a Description of the most familiar and interesting Plants, 
arranged according to the T.innajan System, with an Appendix on the formation of 

an Herbarium. With engraved Illustrations 13 

This popular little work is intended for children who are about to enter on the study of the in- 
teresting science of Botany. The plan of the work is admirably adapted to that class of learners 
for which it is designed. It presents to the mind of the pupil, in an easy and attractive style, the 
various beauties of the science, and the many advantages to be derived from its study. 

Practical Chemistry : being a Familiar Introduction to thr.t interesting Science 
— with an Appendix, containing many safe, easy, and pleasing Experiments. With 

engraved Illustrations 13 

This little treatise is admirably adapted for those who are about to enter on the study of Chemis- 

ixj, being a familiar introduction to that science. The grand and leading principles of chemical 

knowledge are explained on a plan that will be found to be both interesting and instructive. 

Though originally designed for the young, it will be found to contain lessons that may be read with 

pleasure and profit by the more advanced in years. 

Mythology : being a Compendious History of the Heathen Gods, Goddesses, and 
Heroes; designed chiefly as an Introduction to the Study of the Ancient Classics. 

With engraved Illustrations 13 

To the English scholar this work will prove highly interesting; but to the classical student it 
will be found a most desirable compendium. It embraces all that is interesting or important in the 
subject of which it treats; while, at the same time, the brevity and clearness of its style render it 
preferable to other works of the same kind which are of much greater dimensions. 

Classical Biography : containing an Account of the Lives of the most Celebrated 
Characters among the Ancient Greeks and Romans. With engraved Illustrations ... 13 
To the classical student, in particular, the above named work will be found to possess peculiar 

merits. It presents, in a small compass, the most interesting events in the lives of those whose 

names have cast a lustre over the historic pages of Greece and Rome. 

History of the United Statp.s: with a Chronological Table of American History, 

from its discovery in 1492, to the year 1854 13 

This valuable little work comprises within a small compass all the most important and interest- 
ing events in the history of the United States, from the discovery of America to the present time. 
The arrangement and style are admirably adapted to the capacity of children about to commence 
the study of history. It is sufficiently comprehensive for that class of learners for which it is de- 
signed. From its instructive pages the child will learn to revere the names and imitate the actions 
of those illustrious men of America who have gone before us in the path of usefulness and of fame. 

Grecian Hishrry : from the Earliest Times to the Period when Greece became a 
Roman Province. With engraved Illustrations 13 

Roman History : containing a concise Account of the most Striking Events, from 
the Foundation of the City to the Fall of the Western Empire. With engraved 

Illustrations 13 

These two works contain all the most important and interesting events in the history of 

Greece and Rome. As introductory works, to be placed in the hands of children, they will be found 

to possess peculiar merits. The arrangement and style are happily adapted to that class of learners 

for which they are designed. 

Oatecliism of Sacred History : Abridged for the use of Schools, translated from the 
French, by a Friend of Youth : designed to accompany Irving's Series of Catechisms 13 

2S 



Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 

Histoi-y of E)igland : containing the most Striking Events from the Earliest Pe- 
riod to the Present Time 13 

This work comprises, in a few pages, the most important events in the history of England, from 
a period prior to the invasion of the Romans to the present time. The present edition has been 
carefullj- revised and corrected ; every thing reflecting on the American character has been erased, 
and every thing of a sectarian nature has been removed. 
Jewish Antiquities: containing an Account of the Classes, Institutions, Bites, 

Ceremonies, Manners, Customs, &c., of the Ancient Jews. With engraved Illustrations 13 
Grecian Antiquities : being an Account of the Beligion. Government, Judicial 
Proceedings, Military and "Naval Affairs, Dress, Food, Baths, Exercises, Marriages, 
Funerals, Coins, Weights, Measures, &c., of the Greeks— to which is prefixed a De- 
scription of the Cities of Athens and Sparta. With engraved Illustrations 13 

Roman Antiny.ities ; or, An Account of the Religion, Civil Government, Military 
and Naval Affairs, Games, Names, Coins, Weights and Measures, Dress, Food, Exer- 
cises, Baths, Domestic Emploj^ments, Marriages, Funerals, and other Customs and 
Ceremonies of the Roman People ; with a Description of the Public Buildings of the 

city of Rome. With engraved Illustrations 13 

Tlie above works are highly interesting in themselves, and may be read with pleasure and profit 
by every member of the community. But for the classical student they possess particular attrac- 
tions. For his benefit they were chiefly intended, and years of experience prove that they are pe- 
culiarly adapted to the end for which they were desig^ned. A familiarity vvitn the laws, manners, 
and customs of the ancient nations will often render clear and explicit the most obscure passages, 
so frequently met with in the authors of antiquity. 

CLASSICAL BOOKS, &c. 

IxV calling attention to the foilov.ing Works, it is deemed it sufficient to state, that the pre- 
sent editions have been issued under the careful supervision of the eminent Professors of 
^t. Mary's College, Baltimore, and may justly be considered the best and cheapest editions 
published. 

Epitome Hidorioi Sdo-a; Auctore, L'homond, edito JSova Prosodice, signes vo- 
cumque interpretatione adornata 30 

As an elementary work, Historii^ Sacras is beyond exceptions. The easy arrangements of its 
style in the beginning, and the gradual introduction of the Latin construction, relieve the pupil of 
much embarrassment and labor, and tend in a material degree to facilitate his advancement. 

This possesses advantages over any previous edition. The vocabulary has been carefully revised, 
and the work has received such improvements as greatly enhance its merits. 

Phcedri Augusti Liherti Fabularum .<3Esopium. LibriQuinque 30 

A new edition, carefully revised and greatly improved. 

This little work has long been held in high estimation in our colleges and schools. The many 
moral and interesting lessons it contains render it a text-book peculiarly adapted to the young; and, 
indeed, no work could be better designed to initiate the pupil into the study of Latin poetry. 

De Viris lllustribus Urhis JRomce,, A Romulo ad Augustum, Auctore L'homond, 

in Universitate, Parisiensi Professore Emerito 38 

This work possesses the rare quality of being admirably adapted to the capacity of those com- 
mencing the study of the Latin lang'^uage, without deviating from the purity of the Latin style. 
The materials of which it is compiled are most interesting and instructive in their nature, tlius 
affording the pupil the double advantage of acquiring a knov.ledge of the Latin tongue, and, at the 
same time, of storing his mind with historical facts. 

This edition has been lately revised, and put into a neat, convenient form. These improvements, 
it is believed, will add to its merits, and will tend to advance the pupil in his study. 

FahUs Choisies de la Fontaine, Nouvelle tdition 63 

Few works have elicited more general admiration, or have been more generally used in schools, 
tlian the Fables of La Fontaine. For the pupil engaged in the study of the French language they 
possess peculiar advantages. Many beautiful and moral lessons are inculcated in a style at onoe 
easy and attractive, while, at the same time, a taste for poetical composition is cultivated. 
This edition has been carefully revised, and contain.s luuch desirable improvement. 

Ruddimnn''s Fudiments of the Latin Tongue; or a Plain and Easy Introduction 
to Latin Grammar : wherein the principles of the langu;ige are methodically digested, 
both in the English and Latin. With useful Notes and Observations. Thirtieth Edi- 
tion, Corrected and Improved. By Wm. Mann, M. A 12mo, half arab. 33 

The cheapest and best Latin grammar published. 

Elementos de Sicolcgio, Elements of Pyschology 75 

Pizarro^s Dialogues. Select Original Dialogues, or Spanish and English Conver- 
sations: followed by a collection of pieces in prose and verse — adapted to the 
use of Spanish classes in schools and academies. Hy J. A. Pizarko Professor 
of the Spanish Language in St. Mary's College, Baltimore. Third edition, im- 
proved and enlarged by the author 12mo 75 

This new edition of a very popular work, by one of the most distinguished instructors in the 

eountry, is greatly improved, and particularly adapted to the present style of teaching audself-im- 
rovement. The prior editions have become established as standard in some of the best inatitution^ 
the United States, and the present doul)les its advantages, 

.S* 29 



K 



Murphy & Co.'s Standard School Books. 

SESTINI'S ALGEBRA. 

Elementary Algebra. By B. Sestini, S. J., author of Analytical 
Geometry, Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Georgetown 

College 12mo 50 

The main object of this treatise is to render the science of Algebra intelligible to pupils whose 
minds are yet unaccustomed to such studies. The beginner will here be furnished with such proofs 
as are suited to his capacity; examples will afford new light to what might be otherwise obscure ; 
with regari to the operations founded on higher principles, he will, for the present, content himself 
with merely practical rules, exemplified in the same manner. With a mind thus gradually led on to 
strict mathematical discussion, he maj- then resume his course with profit, by the aid of a treatise 
now in preparation, which is intended as a sequel to this, and, by more exact and thorough investi- 
gation, complete his studj- of Algebra. 

BRIEF EXTRACTS FROM NOTICES OF THE PRESS. 
" This work recommends itself to favor by the admirable order of its parts, and the conciseness and 
clearness with which its principles are expounded. One needs but open the book to perceive that 
the author has brought to the execution of his task a ripened judgment and well-tried experience. 
He is not a compiler — his work has the rare merit of originality, and every student Bf Algebra will 
thank him for having given in a few pages what has usually occupied a large volume, and for hav- 
ing rendered intelligible what has often proved an enigma to many." Metrojwlitan. 

" This book might very properly be called " Algebra without a master." One very important im- 
provement that the author has made upon all our text-hooks, and which deserves to be mentioned, is 
this, that he keeps monomials and polynomials distinct, and explains and applies to them separately 
the various rules as laid down in his Algebra. The work only wants to be known, in order to be 
universally approved." Western Tablet. 

" "We feel much pleasure in recommending it as containing nearly all necessary to be known on 
the subject of which it treats. It is eminently adapted for the use of young persons who wish to ac- 
quire a knowledge of the difficult science of Algebra." Halifax Catholic. 

*' To persons commencing the study of Algebra, we cheerfully recommend Mr. Sestini's work, a.s 
one well calculated to smooth the difficulties which beginners have to overcome in their first attempts 
to master that science." Pittsburg Catholic. 

"Asa rudimental book it will be found eminently useful in schools and colleges." Det. Vindicator. 

" The author is well known as a man of great ability, and his work cannot fail to be of good ser- 
vice in schools." Bnffalo Sentinel, 

SESTINI'S ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY. 

A Treatise of Analytical Geometry, proposed by B, Skstini, S. J., 
author of Elementary Algebra, Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astro- 
nomy in Georgetown College 8vo. paper 1 25 

" This treatise of Prof. Sestini discusses the various topics under consideration by a purely 
analytical method, and is well adapted to the modern plan embraced by learned professors, who do 
not content themselves with a superficial view of the subject, but dive into its deepest recesses with 
no other instrument of research than analysis, and naked analysis. The new treatise is an acquisi- 
tion for the lovers of the exact sciences, taught in the most exact manner ; it introduces some new 
methods of the Baron Cauchy, a savant well known, and highly esteemed in Paris for his scientific 
acquirements. As the new treatise is intended for the use of Georgetown College, we are inclined 
from this circumstance to form a very favorable opinion of the proficiency of the students in the 
mostabtruse branches of mathematics, and it is a subject on which we congratulate the teachers 
and their scholars." Metropolitan. 



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